2. 外语
  3. Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】________praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativ

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】________praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativ

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问题     Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】________praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists,【C2】________research the relation【C3】________actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain【C4】________rewards often destroy creativity【C5】________encouraging dependence【C6】________ approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially【C7】________educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【C8】________in grade-school children, suggesting【C9】________properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness,【C10】________to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a【C11】________and can focus【C12】________a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【C13】________performance or creating too【C14】________anticipation for rewards. " A teacher【C15】________continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【C16】________high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【C17】________discouraged students, Eisenberger holds.【C18】________an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【C19】________. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C20】________ students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
【C20】
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答案which
解析 分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句为“介词in+引导词”引导的非限制性定语从句。用来修饰“token economies”，故此空应填一个既可引导定语从句，前面又可加介词in的引导词，故填which。在油价上涨方面可以高枕无忧的另一个原因是，不同于20世纪70年代的涨势，这次油价上升并不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上的大部分地区只是走出经济衰退。《经济学人》的商品价格指数从一年前开始大致保持不变。1973年商品价格上涨了70％，1979年上涨了近30％。
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