首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Planning and People In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory
Planning and People In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory
admin
2010-08-21
35
问题
Planning and People
In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory but do not work in practice. There are many reasons for this. To illustrate the problems involved we will consider four cases where different decisions have to be taken.
Case No. 1
The manager of a shipping company was interested in using large metal containers for the company’s cargo instead of conventional methods of loading and unloading. He discovered that the use of containers was less expensive and quicker than conventional methods. More cargo could be sent at one time and delays on the way were shorter. The only major disadvantage (apart from the initial cost of the containers) was that not all ships could take them. However, the manager believed that his company could find enough ships for their containers. His plan to use containers was adopted by the board of directors. Unfortunately, however, it was never put into practice. The dockers heard about the plan and did not like it. The reason was that the containers would make about a quarter of the dockers redundant. The plan was killed.
The comparison of containers with conventional methods is shown in the following table.
Case No. 2
A solar pump was built in a small desert village. The pump used the desert’s most common resource-sunlight, to increase its greatest necessity-water. Solar collectors were used to collect the sun’s rays. Flat collectors can be stationary and do not have moving parts which can be broken in sand storms. The system used the 20 degree centigrade temperature difference between the solar collectors and the ground water to work a gas expansion engine which pumped water from under the ground.
Some of the social effects of the new pumps were planned for. Children aged 6 to15 used to bring the water from wells, where they met the old men of the village and received informal education from them. In order to replace this, a school was also included in the project. But the project had not considered the traditional power structure of the village. As soon as the foreign experts left, the two richest men in the village took control of the pump and started selling water to everyone else. The result was that the majority of people were poorer than before.
Case No. 3
In 1946 there was a program in the Rio Grande valley to substitute hybrid corn for the native corn. The native corn was of poor nutritional quality and gave a poor quantity of grain while the hybrid corn was of excellent quality and gave about three times as large a crop as the native variety. In the first year half of the 84 farmers in the village planted hybrid corn and doubled the corn production. Three years later, however, only three farmers planted hybrid corn. The others were planting the traditional variety. At the beginning of the project the program leader studied the ecology of the area and showed films demonstrating the superiority of the new corn. The farmers agreed that the hybrid corn had great advantages. The size of the crop confirmed these advantages. Why did they stop planting it? The answer was simple: their wives did not like it. They complained that it wasn’t good for cooking and they didn’t like the flavor.
Case No. 4
The manager of a large office building had received many complaints about the lift service in the building. He engaged a group of engineers to study the situation and make recommendations for improvement. The engineers suggested two alternative solutions:
1. adding more lifts of the same types;
2. replacing the existing lifts by faster ones.
The manager decided that both alternative solutions were too expensive. So the firm’s psychologist offered to study the problem. He noticed that many people arrived at their offices feeling angry and impatient. The reason they gave was the length of time they had to wait for the lift. However, the psychologist was impressed by the fact that they had only had to wait a relatively short time. It occurred to him that the reason for their annoyance was the fact they had to stand by the lifts inactive. He suggested a simple, inexpensive solution to the manager. This was adopted and complaints stopped immediately. The solution was to place a large mirror next to the lifts.
Three of these cases show failure, and one success. What conclusions can be made about the decision involved? First, in any decision, some considerations are more relevant than others. It is a mistake to attempt to, solve a problem in engineering terms when the problem is a psychological one. Similarly, it is wrong to concentrate on the social effects of a new invention if it is mechanically inadequate. It is a mistake to attempt to improve one part of a system if the whole system has to be changed.
Secondly, there is a more fundamental question. A solution may be technically very crude but will work because people are enthusiastic about it. Some projects predict negative human reactions but are unable to persuade people that the project is right. Other projects fail because of indifference--people neither like it nor dislike it-they just do not think it is necessary. A project will be successful only if the people involved believe that it is necessary and valuable for their own lives.
Some people believe that in these cases the plans are right but the people are wrong. History, however, has shown this belief to be dangerous.
Children can receive ______ from the old men when brought water from wells in the desert.
选项
答案
informal education
解析
文章第五段中提到,6到15岁的孩子们在去井边打水的时候能碰上村里的老人,从他们那里可以得到一些非正规的教育。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/zq7K777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Astudyofpeoplewhousedcellphonesforanaverageoflessthanthreeyearsfoundnoevidencethedevicescausebraincancer.
A、Theamountoftearscanbeadapted.B、Cryingaffectsthefeelings.C、Tearsdischargechemicalsbuiltupduringstress.D、Cryin
A、Fewpeoplequalifyas"naturalleaders".B、Thereisnoproofthat"naturalleaders"exist.C、Naturalleadersareeasilyaccept
A、Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.B、Fewpeoplesucceed
Untilabout30yearsago,languageresearchersfocusedtheirstudiesoninfantswhohadalreadybeguntobabble,accordingtoJu
Acountryissaidtobecomemoreurbanizedasitscitiesgrowinnumber,itsurbanpopulationsincreaseinsize,andtheproport
Acountryissaidtobecomemoreurbanizedasitscitiesgrowinnumber,itsurbanpopulationsincreaseinsize,andtheproport
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUnion,tobevotedonbytheEU’sCouncilofMinister
GrowingnumbersofGermansarebecomingaddictedtotext-messaging,aGermandoctorhaswarned,【B1】______therearesome380,00
Awarmerworldisgoingtobeasickerworldforeverythingfromtreestomarinelifetopeople,accordingtoanewreportbya
随机试题
简述中国经济发展进入新常态的表现及如何适应和引领经济发展新常态。
下列关于网络营销概念的说法中,错误的是()
针对饭前洗手问题,开展了全球范围内的调查。调查显示拥有大学以上学历的人和没有大学以上学历的人群存在着非常显著的差异。请问该健康问题中,最突出的影响因素是()
A、B、C债券的基本信息如下:面值100元,期限一年(2017.5.1~2018.4.30),年利率6%,一次还本付息;2017年6月1日,A基金在银行间市场上买入A、B、C债券10000手,交易净价101元,截至2017年5月31日该债券的应付利息是
()是企业组织内部依据具体分工,在同一级机构、职能业务人员之间的信息传递。
《公安机关人民警察内务条令》和《人民警察法》一样,是由全国人大常委会颁布实施的。()
俗话说“装龙像龙,装虎像虎”。演员演岳飞就应该像岳飞,演秦桧就应该像秦桧,要做到“非我”。但只是像岳飞像秦桧,而不能也不应该使自己就变成岳飞,变成秦桧。演员不应该完全丢掉自己。他仍应该让人透过他的表演,感知到他对他所演的角色的爱憎感情,而完成他的最高任务。
epidemiology
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Itismoreimportantforstudentstostudyhistoryandliteraturethanit
A、Theyarecheckedout.B、Theyarespeciallycoded.C、Theyareinspectedbytheguard.D、Theyaremarkedwithcoloredlabels.B选
最新回复
(
0
)