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  3. In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whate

In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whate

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问题     In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whatever healing may occur. This mysterious gift of self-healing is cloaked with an anodyne(止痛的) label, the "placebo effect", and recognized only as a nuisance likely to confound clinical trials. But the placebo ( Latin for "I will please" ) and its shadowy twin the nocebo ( "I will harm" ) are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.
    How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the body’s major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So it’s possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated in to a bodily reaction that fulfils them. The power of these effects is hard to overstate.
    A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial ( i. e. those who unknowingly receive a dummy pill instead of the real thing) will experience all improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.
    Doctors’ expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extraction, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain.  Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so.
Placebo and noeebo ______.
选项 A、only exist in people’s imagination
B、were medicines used by Latin people
C、are very effective in healing
D、are hated by both doctors and patients
答案C
解析 第一段末尾提到placebo和nocebo在医生和病人的互动中起到了中心作用，第二段又提到它们对人体荷尔蒙的控制和对免疫系统的影响，第三段开头又说The power of these effects is hard to overstate(这些效应再怎么夸张都不为过)，由此可知placebo和nocebo的疗效很好，故选C)。从第三、四段的例子中可看出placebo和nocebo其实是一些理论上讲对人体没有任何疗效的药片，但它通过人的心理作用确实起到了相当大的治疗作用，甚至像普通药物一样，剂量大疗效也更显著，由此可见，placebo和nocebo确实存在，排除A)；第一段提到placebo和nocebo这两个词来源于拉丁文，并不是拉丁人用的药物，排除B)；第一段第二句虽提到安慰剂效应在临床药物实验中很是令人讨厌，但文章其他部分却论述了大量的placebo和nocebo的临床应用及其惊人的效果，排除D)。
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