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  3. The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive Amer

The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive Amer

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问题     The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?

    There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economics that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
    I believe that most important forces behind the massive M & A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are beneficial, not damaging, to customers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.
    Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are not so many. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S. when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing — witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan — but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
    Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the mega mergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about violation to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U. S. vs. Microsoft case?
Inferring from Alan Greenspan’s warning, what do we usually call the one who supervises, regulates and operates with the other banks in the banking industry?
选项
答案Lender of last resort
解析 根据线索词Alan Greenspan’s定位到最后一段，文中提到艾伦·格林斯潘对于银行界的超级合并提出了警告，他提出质疑：谁将作为最后贷款人去监督、规范、管理那些将要成立的超级大银行?其他银行业最后受到监督、规范的机构被称作lender of last resort，由此得出答案。
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