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  3. Researchers have known that secondhand smoke can be just as dangerous for nonsmokers as smoking is for smokers, but now there’s

Researchers have known that secondhand smoke can be just as dangerous for nonsmokers as smoking is for smokers, but now there’s

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问题     Researchers have known that secondhand smoke can be just as dangerous for nonsmokers as smoking is for smokers, but now there’s fresh evidence quantifying just how hazardous the after-burn from cigarettes can be, and how quickly it affects your body. Scientists at the Oregon Department of Health documented for the first time an hourly buildup of a cancer-causing compound from cigarette smoke in the blood of nonsmokers working in bars and restaurants in the state.
    Reporting in the American Journal of Public Health, the researchers found that waiters and bartenders working a typical night shift gradually accumulated higher levels of NNK, a carcinogen in cigarette smoke, at the rate of 6 % each hour they worked. NNK is known to be involved in inducing lung cancer in both lab rats and smokers.
    "We were somewhat surprised by the immediacy of the effect and the fact that we could measure the average hourly increase," says Michael Stark, the lead author of the study and a principal investigator at the Mulmomah County Health Department in Oregon.
    The authors are confident that the increases in NNK in the workers they tested most likely came from their exposure to smoke -- the study included a control group of similar subjects in restaurants where no smoking was allowed. "There is experimental evidence from studies where you put nonsmokers in a room, blow smoke into the room and measure their artery function, that you see the platelets get sticky, which can cause clots and lead to a heart attack, and the ability of the arteries to dilate decreases very rapidly," says Dr. Matthew McKenna, director of the office on smoking and public health for the Centers for Disease Control.
    All of which could mean more time loitering outside buildings and in alleyways for smokers intent on grabbing a puff. Thirteen states now prohibit smoking in restaurants altogether (most of these include bars as well), and while 11 states still put no restrictions on lighting up, individual cities within those states -- such as Austin in Texas, for example -- have passed legislation banning smoking in eating establishments and other public areas.
    It’s just getting harder to refute the scientific evidence; in a study done in Scotland several months after that nation instituted a ban on smoking in public places, researchers found that following the ban, bar patrons showed stronger lung capacity and reduced levels of inflammation (a red flag for a number of chronic diseases, including heart disease and asthma). "We made it pretty clear that the science on this is pretty irrefutable," says McKenna. And if smokers have fewer places to smoke, that message may finally get heard.
As is used in Paragraph 4, the phrase "a control group" refers to ______.
选项 A、people working at the Oregon Department of Health
B、people investigating at the Mulmomah County Health Department in Oregon
C、people serving as a standard of comparison for checking test results
D、people involved in passing legislation banning smoking in eating establishments
答案C
解析 这是一道细节题。题干中“a control group’’出现在第四段第一句，“The authors are confident that the increases in NNK in the workers they tested most likely came from their exposure to smoke—the study included a control group of similar subjects in restaurants where no smoking was allowed．”(本书作者深信，他们测试过的那些工作人员之所以体内NNK含量升高，是因为他们被烟环绕——此项研究中，还有另外一个由相似研究对象组成的对照组，该对照组的工作场所是禁烟饭店。)在本句中，expose等于 uncover；leave sb／sth uncovered or unprotected，意即暴露某人、某事物，使之处于无遮蔽或不受保护的状态(如expose the soldiers to unnecessary risks：使士兵冒不必要的风险)。根据本句，前半句说的是被烟环绕者的情况，破折号后的半句说的是在禁烟饭店上班者的情况，两者构成对比，可见，control group意即(在实验中)作为对照的一组。故选C。
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