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  3. Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to red

Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to red

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问题 Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to reductions in the average cost(cost per unit)associated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, economies of scope refers to lowering the average cost for a firm in producing two or more products. Here, economies of scope make product diversification efficient if they are based on the common and recurrent use of proprietary know-how or on an indivisible physical asset. For example, as the number of products promoted is increased, more people can be reached per unit of money spent. At some point, additional advertising expenditure on new products may become less effective(an example of diseconomies of scope). Related examples include distribution of different types of products, product bundling, product lining, and family branding. If a sales force sells several products, it can often do so more efficiently than if it is selling only one product. The cost of its travel time is distributed over a greater revenue base, so cost efficiency improves. There can also be synergies between products such that offering a range of products gives the consumer a more desirable product offering than would a single product. Economies of scope can also operate through distribution efficiencies: it can be more efficient to ship a range of products to any given location than to ship a single type of product to that location. Further economies of scope occur when there are cost savings arising from byproducts in the production process. An example would be the benefits of heating from energy production having a positive effect on agricultural yields. A company that sells many product lines sells in many countries, or both will benefit from reduced risk levels as a result of its economies of scope. If one of its product lines falls out of fashion or if one country has an economic slowdown, the company will likely be able to continue trading. Not all economists agree on the importance of economies of scope. Some argue that the concept applies only to certain industries, and then only rarely.
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答案 范围经济从概念上讲与规模经济很相似。但是规模经济主要是指企业在扩大某一种产品的生产规模时，平均成本(单位成本)随之下降的经济现象，而范围经济是指在企业生产两种或两种以上的产品时平均成本下跌的经济现象。对于规模经济，如果以普遍且经常使用的专门技能为基础，或者以不可分的实体资产为基础，产品多样化的效率会更高。比如，推销的产品数量增加了，每单位花费的钱可拉到更多的客户。某种情况下，在新产品上的额外广告花费带来的效用会更低(范围不经济的一个例子)。相关的例子还包括不同类型产品的分配、产品组合、产品内衬以及家族品牌。如果销售人员卖多种产品的话，效率会比只卖一种产品更高。行程时间的成本在更大的收入基数上进行分配，成本效率因此就会得到改善。在不同的产品之间存在协同增效作用，与提供一种产品相比，提供一大批产品可以给予消费者更多满意的选择。规模经济也可以通过分配效率发挥作用：运送一批产品到既定目的地的效率比运送单一的产品到该目的地的效率会更高。在生产过程中，由于生产过程中副产品的因素节省了更多成本费用，范围经济会深入发展。比如，能源生产供暖带来的好处对农业效益有积极的影响。销售许多产品线的公司可以在许多国家进行交易买卖，或者受范围经济影响，两条生产线都会从下降的风险中获得收益。若其中一个生产线被淘汰或一个国家经济放缓，公司还可能会继续进行交易。并不是所有的经济学家都认同范围经济的重要性。有些人认为这个概念只适用于某一些行业，或者说范围经济是少有的。
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