首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Industrial Revolution [A] The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological cha
The Industrial Revolution [A] The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological cha
admin
2017-12-07
64
问题
The Industrial Revolution
[A] The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered, automated machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing).
[B] The technological and economic progress of the Industrial Revolution gained driving force with the introduction of steam-powered ships, boats and railways. In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world.
Causes
[C] The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought forth by the final end of feudalism in Great Britain following the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital is also cited as a set of factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century. The importance of a large domestic market should also be considered an important cause catalyst (催化剂) of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations (e.g. France), markets were split up by local regions often imposing tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them. The restructuring of the American domestic market would trigger the second Industrial Revolution over 100 years later.
Effects
[D] The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation. Universal white male suffrage (参政权) was adopted in the United States, resulting in the election of the popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the creation of political parties organized for mass participation in elections. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of population in districts with almost no representation in Parliament, expanding the electorate (选区), leading to the founding of modern political parties and initiating a series of reforms which would continue into the 20th century. In France, the July Revolution widened the franchise (公民. 权) and established a constitutional monarchy. Belgium established its independence from the Netherlands, as a constitutional monarchy, in 1830. Struggles for liberal reforms in Switzerland’s various cantons (州) in the 1830s had mixed {results. A further series of attempts at political reform or revolution would sweep Europe in 1848, with mixed results, and initiated massive migration to North America, as well as parts of South America, South Africa, and Australia.
Textile Manufacture
[E] In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans (工匠), doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises. This system is called a cottage industry. Flax (亚麻) and cotton were also used for fine materials, but the processing was difficult because of the pre-processing needed, and thus goods in these materials made only a small proportion of the output Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom restricted the production capacity of the industry, but a number of advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured cotton goods became the dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century. India was displaced as the premier supplier of cotton goods. Step by step, individual inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and subsequently rolling) so that the supply of yarn fed a weaving industry that itself was advancing with improvements to shuttles and the loom or "frame". The output of an individual labourer increased dramatically, with the effect that these new machines were seen as a threat to employment, and early innovators were attacked and their inventions wrecked. The inventors often failed to exploit their inventions, and fell on hard times.
[F] To capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which the most famous is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually the products of such as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power—first horse power, then water power and finally steam power—which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry.
Why Europe?
[G] One question that has been of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world, particularly China Numerous factors have been suggested including ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a high level equilibrium (平衡) trap in which the non-industrial methods were efficient enough to prevent use of industrial methods with high capital costs.
[H] Kenneth Pommeranz, in The Great Divergence, argues that Europe and China were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the crucial differences which created the Industrial Revolution in Europe were sources of coal near manufacturing centres and raw materials such as food and wood from the New World which allowed Europe to economically expand in a way that China could not. Indeed, a combination of all these factors is possible. Why Great Britain?
[I] The debate around the concept of the initial startup of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the thirty-to-hundred-year lead the British had over the continental European countries and America. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources the United Kingdom received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. Alternatively, the greater liberalization of trade from a large merchant base may have been able to utilize scientific and technological developments emerging in the UK and elsewhere more effectively than other states with stronger monarchies, such as Russia’s Tzars. The UK’s extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already open for many forms of early manufactured goods. The nature of conflict in the period resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest impacting much of the rest of Europe.
[J] Another theory believes that Great Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to its dense population for its small geographical size, and the availability of natural resources like copper, tin and coal, giving excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater receptiveness of the society (as compared to other European countries) are reasons that add to this theory, enhancing its plausibility.
[K] Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed the establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Great Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the National Debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures.
[L] This argument has, on the whole, tended to neglect the fact that several inventors and entrepreneurs were rational free thinkers or "Philosophers" typical of a certain class of British intellectuals in the late 18th century, and were by no means normal church goers or members of religious sects. Examples of these free thinkers were the Lunar Society of Birmingham (which flourished from 1765 to 1809). Its members were exceptional in that they were among the very few who were conscious that an industrial revolution was then taking place in Great Britain. They actively worked as a group to encourage it, not least by investing in it and conducting scientific experiments which led to innovative products.
The inventors couldn’t benefit from their inventions because what they invented was regarded as a threat to employment by the workers.
选项
答案
E
解析
根据inventors和a threat to employment定位到E段。该段后半部分讲到纺织业早期的技术改革者们受到攻击,他们的发明被破坏,因而他们往往没有机会利用他们的发明,生活陷入困境。本题句子是对该段最后两句内容的概括,benefit from对应原文的exploit。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/opU7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
“西部大开发”(WesternDevelopment)是中国促进经济发展的一项重要政策。自从实行改革开放的政策以来,尤其是中国东南沿海城市的经济特区(specialeconomiczone)设立以来,中国经济发展迅速。然而,由于位置偏远、交通落后、与
America’smostpopularnewspaperwebsitetodayannouncedthattheeraoffreeonlinejournalismisdrawingtoaclose.TheNewY
FeedingtheMassesaLoadofManureTheGreenRevolutionMyth,NormanBorlaug,andWorldHunger[A]Mostpeopledon’tkno
Individualsandbusinesseshavelegalprotectionforintellectualpropertytheycreateandown.Intellectualproperty【C1】______f
TheHistoryofChineseAmericans[A]ChinesehavebeenintheUnitedStatesforalmosttwohundredyears.Infact,theChines
PeoplewhospendalotoftimesurfingtheInternetaremorelikelytoshowsignsofdepression,BritishscientistssaidonWedn
SmotherLove[A]Everymorning,LeanneBricklandandhersisterwouldbicycletoschoolwiththesamewordsringingintheir
Inrecentyears,wehaveallwatchedtheincreasingcommercializationofthecampus.Thenumerousadvertisingpostersandthego
A、Moreemphasiswillbelaidoncorecurriculum.B、Morechoiceswillbeofferedtostudents.C、Itwillbecomeacommonproblemf
A、Best-sellingFemaleArtist.B、QueenofPop.C、MTVVideoMusicAwards.D、TheStarofHollywood.C
随机试题
男性,25岁。浸润性肺结核患者。使用“异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇”四联抗结核治疗。治疗过程中患者双手及双足麻木感。首先应采取的措施是
预防性维护
下列有关房源信息推荐的说法正确的是()。
以下材料中吸声效果最好的是:
水中同时含有铁(Fe2+)、锰(Mn2+)时,多采用曝气充氧后进入催化氧化滤池过滤。当原水中铁、锰含量较高时,容易穿透滤层的是()。
2015年11月30日,国际货币基金组织华盛顿总部举行执董会会议,会议决定将中国的人民币纳入国际货币基金组织特别提款权货币篮子,人民币成为第()个成员,人民币成为真正的“世界货币”。
1.政府公信力是政府依据自身的信用所获得的社会公众的信任程度,是社会组织和民众对政府信誉的一种主观价值判断,是政府实施行政行为时的形象和所产生的信誉在社会组织和民众中形成的心理反应。一句话,政府公信力是政府的影响力与号召力,体现的是政府的信用能力,反映的是
采用普通法院模式来进行违宪审查的国家有()
执行下列程序段后,变量s的值是DimsAslong,xAsIntegers=0:x=1DoWhile(x<10)s=s+xx=x+2L
打开考生文件夹下的演示文稿yswg.pptx,按照下列要求完成对此文稿的修饰并保存。1.使用“都市”主题修饰全文。2.将第二张幻灯片版式改为“两栏内容”,标题为“项目计划过程”。将第四张幻灯片左侧图片移到第二张幻灯片右侧内容区,并插入备
最新回复
(
0
)