首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)The Term "CYBERSPACE" was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and
(1)The Term "CYBERSPACE" was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and
admin
2016-04-30
220
问题
(1)The Term "CYBERSPACE" was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel, "Neuromancer" , whose main character, Henry Dorsett Case, is a troubled computer hacker and drug addict. In the book Mr Gibson describes cyberspace as "a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators" and "a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. "
(2)His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient(有先见之明的). Cyberspace has become symbolic of the computing devices, networks, fibre-optic cables, wireless links and other infrastructure that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The myriad connections forged by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day.
(3)But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through such attacks. Among the most prominent recent victims has been Target, whose chief executive, Gregg Steinhafel, stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant American retailer revealed that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. Other well-known firms such as Adobe, a tech company, and eBay, an online marketplace, have also been hit.
(4)The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such commercial incursions. Wider concerns have been raised by the revelations about the mass surveillance carried out by Western intelligence agencies made by Edward Snowden, a contractor to America’s National Security Agency(NSA), as well as by the growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new domain of warfare. America’s President, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats "pose one of the gravest national-security dangers" the country is facing.
(5)Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security. Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not worry much about threats because the network was affiliated with America’s military. As hackers turned up, layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, reckons that last year organizations around the globe spent $ 67 billion on information security.
(6)On the whole, these defenses have worked reasonably well. For all the talk about the risk of a "cyber 9/11" , the internet has proved remarkably resilient. Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at virtual stores, swap gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online.
(7)But the task is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $ 445 billion—a sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria.
(8)To add to the worries, there is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible. One precedent is the destruction in 2010 of centrifuges(离心机)at a nuclear facility in Iran by a computer program known as Stuxnet.
(9)But such events are rare. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. For example, smarter, better-organized hackers are making life tougher for the cyber-defenders, but even so a number of things can be done to keep everyone safer than they are now.
(10)One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-security right. All too often breaches are caused by simple blunders, such as failing to separate systems containing sensitive data from those that do not need access to them. Companies also need to get better at anticipating where attacks may be coming from and at adapting their defenses swiftly in response to new threats. Technology can help, as can industry initiatives that allow firms to share intelligence about risks with each other.
(11)There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One idea is to encourage internet-service providers, or the companies that manage internet connections, to shoulder more responsibility for identifying and helping to clean up computers infected with malicious software. Another is to find ways to ensure that software developers produce code with fewer flaws in it so that hackers have fewer security holes to exploit.
(12)An additional reason for getting tech companies to give a higher priority to security is that cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment, will be fitted with tiny computers that connect them to the web and make them more useful. Dubbed "the internet of things" , this is already making it possible, for example, to control home appliances using smartphone apps and to monitor medical devices remotely.
(13)But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses they may spot. Hacking used to be about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance.
According to Para. 5, the designing principles of the internet and cyberspace security are______.
选项
A、controversial
B、complementary
C、contradictory
D、congruent
答案
C
解析
推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第五段。该段首句指出,因特网结构的设计初衷是推动连接。由此可以推断,因特网的设计原则和网络空间的安全性是矛盾的,故[C]为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/017O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
StrategiesforWritingaLiteratureReviewAliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea.
Thefirstmoderndigitalcomputersweredevelopedinthe1940sformilitarypurposesthataroseduringWorldWarII.Thesecomp
Thefirstmoderndigitalcomputersweredevelopedinthe1940sformilitarypurposesthataroseduringWorldWarII.Thesecomp
ItisundeniablethatEnglishisbeginningtobecomeagloballanguageinmostpartsoftheworldbyandlarge.Itisspokenfre
ItisundeniablethatEnglishisbeginningtobecomeagloballanguageinmostpartsoftheworldbyandlarge.Itisspokenfre
Theexplorationofinternationalbusinessisanexciting,important,andnecessarytask.Internationalbusinessisexcitingbec
IhaveavividrecollectionofasummereveningwhenIhadtocarryoutarumenotomyonacow.AsaruleIwasinclinedtoplay
A、Itisundertheriskofbankruptcy.B、Itisgainingmoreprofits.C、Itisboominginstockmarket.D、Itisinneedofanewvi
A、Indifferent.B、Critical.C、Supportive.D、Oppositive.C本题设题点在观点态度处。根据句(8)可知,大卫的朋友提到去自己不想去的地方,即便是坐飞机的头等舱也不愿意去,大卫对此表示赞同,因此[C]为正确答
A、Oppositive.B、Supportive.C、Neutral.D、Impassive.A本题设题点在对话问答处。根据句(6—1)和(6—2)可知,采访者觉得为了追到亿万富翁而去考MBA证太世俗了,并接着表示不想让自己的小孩因为钱的缘故而去
随机试题
塑料管的连接方法有( )。
甲公司于2×16年取得乙公司40%股权,实际支付价款为7000万元,投资时乙公司可辨认净资产公允价值为16000万元(各项可辨认资产、负债的公允价值与账面价值相等),取得投资后甲公司能够对乙公司施加重大影响。乙公司2×17年度实现净利润1600万元,其中包
下列各项中,属于安德森心智技能理论的是()。
香椿树会长出香椿芽,香椿芽是一种美味的菜。每到初夏,菜农会将香椿树枝梢的叶子剪掉,这样做是为了来年香椿树能更好地生长。请你从“个人成长”的角度谈谈对此的理解。
如果学生已经有了哺乳动物的概念,然后再学习鲸这种动物,这种学习属于()。
依次填入画横线部分最恰当的一组是()。量子力学认为真空并非“________”,而是充斥着大量“虚”的粒子和反粒子对。它们同时产生,刹那之间又相互________。
市场经济以市场作为资源配置的基础性手段,但它并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。()
设向量组α1,α2,…,αs为齐次线性方程组AX=0的一个基础解系,Aβ≠0.证明:齐次线性方程组BY=0只有零解,其中B=(β,β+α1,…,β+αs).
LastweekIvisitedoneofmyoldneighborhoodsinWashingtonD.C.Ihadn’tbeentherefortwentyyearsandasIwalkedalongt
•Readthetextbelowabouttelevisionnetwork.•Inmostofthelines41—52thereisoneextraword.Itiseithergrammaticallyi
最新回复
(
0
)