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  3. For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical

For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical

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问题     For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical signal from one animal to another. 【F1】 Often, though not always , such chemicals indicate sexual availability—and when it comes to human mating signals in particular, those looking into the matter have a couple of specific molecules in mind.
    Androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) are derived, respectively, from male and female hormones and are exuded in sweat. The idea that they are pheromonal is thus worth investigating. 【F2】 The results of such investigations as have been made so far, though, are contradictory. Some experiments have found that these molecules make opposite-sex faces, or photographs thereof, appear more attractive to heterosexual volunteers. Others discern no such effect.
    【F3】 Unfortunately, most of these studies were done with groups of volunteers too small for clear conclusions to be drawn, or using less-than-rigorous experimental methods. To try to clear up the confusion, a group of researchers led by Robin Hare of the University of Western Australia have performed one of the most stringent studies to date. They report their results this week in Royal Society Open Science.
    Dr. Hare and his colleagues took 43 men and 51 women, all of them straight, and gave them two tasks. One was to decide whether an androgynous computer-generated face was, on balance, more likely to be female or male. The other was to rate members of the opposite sex shown in photographs for both their sexual attractiveness and their likelihood of being unfaithful.
    The participants completed both tasks twice, on consecutive days. On one day they were exposed to the appropriate molecule (AND for the women; EST for the men) and on the other to a placebo that ought to have had no effect. Crucially, the study was double-blinded, which meant that neither the researchers nor the participants knew which day was which. 【F4】 This should have made it impossible for unconscious biases on the part of the experimenters or the subjects to have had any effect on the result.
    If AND and EST really are aphrodisiac pheromones, the researchers reasoned, then they ought to make participants more likely to assume that androgynous faces belonged to the opposite sex. 【F5】 They should also boost the sex appeal of the people in the photographs—and, because of that boost, increase the perception that those people might be unfaithful, since the attractive have more opportunities for infidelity than the plain.
【F4】
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解析 本句为复合句。该句主干为This should have made it impossible。for引导状语，其后宾语有两个，由or表示并列关系。第一个为unconscious biases，第二个为the subjects。on the part of the experimenters为宾补，to have had any effect on the result为后置定语，修饰subjects。本句为隐藏虚拟语气。现将隐藏虚拟语气总结如下。本打算做但结果没有做的：1)had hoped／intended／planned／expected／wanted／meant to do； 2)hoped to have done； 3)be(was／were)+to have done； 4)would／should like to have done； 5)would have done表意愿、将来； 6)should have done竟然做了、本应该做的； 7)could have done有能力做； 8)might have done表示猜测； 9)need have done本来需要做的却没有做。
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