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  3. What role does speaking play in second language acquisition? It has no direct role, since language is acquired by comprehensibl

What role does speaking play in second language acquisition? It has no direct role, since language is acquired by comprehensibl

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问题     What role does speaking play in second language acquisition? It has
no direct role, since language is acquired by comprehensible input, but【S1】________
in fact someone who is not able to speak for physical reasons can still
acquire the full ability to understand language. However, speaking does
indirectly help in two ways: speaking produces conversation, which
produces comprehensible input, and your speaking allows native
speakers to judge what level you are at and then adjust their speaking
downward you, providing you with input that is more easily understood.【S2】________
    What kind of input is optimal for acquisition? The best input is
comprehensible, which sometimes means that it needs to be slow and【S3】________
more carefully articulated, using common vocabulary, more slang, and【S4】________
shorter sentences. Optimal input is interesting and/or relevant and
allows the acquirer to focus on the meaning of the message and not on
the form of the message. Optimal input is not grammatically sequenced,
and a grammatical syllabus should not be used in the language classroom,
in a part because all students will not be at exactly the same level and【S5】________
because each structure is often only introduced once before moving on to
anything else. Finally, optimal input must focus on quantity, although
most language teachers have to date seriously overestimated how much【S6】________
comprehensible input is actually needed for the acquirer to progress.【S7】________ _
    In addition to receive the right kind of input, students should have【S8】________
their affective filter kept low, meaning that classroom stress should be
minimized and students " should not be put on the defensive". One
result of this is what students’ errors should not be corrected. Students【S9】________
should be taught how to gain more input from the outside world,
including helping them acquire conversational competence, the mean of【S10】________
managing conversation.
【S2】
选项
答案downward∧—to
解析 介词缺失。downward在这里是副词，不能直接连接speaking和代词you，故应在其后加上介词to，表示speaking指向的对象。
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