2. 外语
  3. A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or

A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or

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问题     A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd.【T1】Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgment or will of their own. They become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, and they are subject to sudden accesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. 【T2】The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.
    Unlike the masses, intellectuals have a taste for rationality and an interest in facts. Their critical habit of mind makes them resistant to the kind of propaganda that works so well on the majority. Intellectuals are the kind of people who demand evidence and are shocked by logical inconsistencies and fallacies. 【T3】They regard over-simplification as the original sin of the mind and have no use for the slogans, the unqualified assertions and sweeping generalizations which are the propagandist’s stock in trade. Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things that seem to us self-evident. 【T4】Propaganda, on the other hand, teaches us to accept as self-evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt. The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualification. 【T5】There are no grays in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he might be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be even partially right. Opponents should not be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted down, or, if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated. The morally squeamish intellectual may be shocked by this kind of thing. But the masses are always convinced that " right is on the side of the active aggressor."
【T3】
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答案他们把过于简单化视为思想上的原罪，他们不听信口号、绝对的判断以及泛泛的概括，而这些正是宣传家的惯用伎俩。解析：该句理解上的难点至少有三个：have no use for，unqualified，以及stock in trade。have no use for意为“不喜欢”；unqualified在该句中的含义不是“没资格的”，而应取“绝对的”之意；stock in trade本意就是“习惯性行为”或“惯用伎俩”之意。
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