首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
admin
2014-01-17
67
问题
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder. I know I am conscious. But how do I know that you are?
Through logical analogy—I am a conscious human being, and therefore you as a human being are also likely to be conscious—I conclude I am probably not the only conscious being in a world of biological pup pets. Extend it to other creatures, and uncertainty grows. Is a dog conscious? An elm? A rock?
"We don’t have the mythical consciousness meter," said Dr. Chalmers, a professor of philosophy and director of the Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona. "All we have directly to go on is behavior." So without even an elementary understanding of what consciousness is, the idea of instilling it into a machine—or understanding how a machine might evolve consciousness—becomes almost unfathomable①.
The field of artificial intelligence started out with dreams of making thinking or conscious machines, but to debate, its achievements have been modest. The field has evolved to focus more on solving practical problems like complex scheduling tasks than on imitating human behavior.
But many believe that the original goals of artificial intelligence will be attainable within a few decades.
Some people, like Dr. Hans Moravec, a professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pitts burgh, believe a human being is nothing more than a fancy machine, and that it will be possible to build a machine with the same features, that there is nothing magical about the brain and biological flesh. "I’m confident we can build robot with behavior that is just as rich as human being behavior," he said. "You could quiz it as much as you like about its internal mental life, and it would answer as any human being." To Dr. Moravec, if it acts consciously, it is conscious. To ask more is pointless.
Dr. Chalmers, regards consciousness as an unutterable trait, and it may be useless to try to pin it down. "We’ve got to admit something here is irreducible," he said. "Some primitive precursor conscious ness could go all the way down" to the smallest, most primitive organisms, he said. Dr. Chalmers too sees nothing fundamentally different between a creature of flesh and blood and one of metal, plastics and electronic circuits. "I’m quite open to the idea that machines might eventually become conscious," he said, adding that it would be "equally weird". And if a person gets into involved conversations with a robot about everything from Kant to baseball, "We’ll be as practically certain they are conscious as other people," he said. "Of course, that doesn’t resolve the theoretical question".
But others say machines, regardless of how complex, will never match people.
The arguments can become mysterious. In his book Shadows of the Mind, Dr. Roger Penrose, a mathematician at Oxford University, enlisted the incompleteness theorem in mathematics. He uses the theorem, which states that any system of theorems will invariably include statements that cannot be proven, to argue that any machine that uses computation—and hence all robots—will invariably fall short of the accomplishments of human mathematicians. Instead, he argues that consciousness is an effect of quantum mechanics in tiny structures in the brain that exceeds the abilities of any computer②.
The basic notion that underlies the statement of Dr. Hans Moravec is most possibly that ______.
选项
A、action speaks louder than words
B、no essential difference exists between human beings and artificial machines
C、human beings in a sense are even inferior to the conscious machines
D、robot is conscious as long as he can have conversation freely with human beings
答案
B
解析
综合推断题。从文章第六段前两句话可以看出Dr.Hans Moravec认为人和机器人没什么两样,人不过是奇妙的机器人而已,二者有共同的特征。选项C 与题意相违背,D 与Dr.Hans Moravec的看法不相关,故排除。选项A 是强干扰项,是根据第六段后两句话来的,这两句意思是:只要机器人可以拥有和人一样的行为,就是有意识的,没必要问意识是什么,A 引申过度。这些看法都是建立在他认为人和机器人没有本质区别的基础上。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/0uFK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
WhenChristopherColumbuslandedonAmerica’sshores,heencounteredcopper-shinnedpeoplewhomhepromptlycalled"Indians".Cu
BilingualeducationiscontroversialintheUnitedStates.【C1】______,agrowingbodyofresearchshowsthat【C2】______speakingtw
Thenever-ceasingpaceofscientificaccomplishmentoftensurpassestheprogressofmoralthought,leavingpeoplestrugglingto
Ifonlythepatient______adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.(2007年考试真题)
Drunkendriving—sometimescalledAmerican’ssociallyacceptedformofmurder—hasbecomeanational【C1】______Everyhourof
LongitudeandLatitudeThemeridiansoflongitudeareimaginarygreatcirclesdrawnfrompoletopolearoundtheearth.By
Blakehadbeeninverylowwaterformonths--almostunderwaterpartofthetime--duetocircumstanceshewasfondofsayingwer
Itisabouttimethatsuchpractices
DVDrentalkiosks(售货亭)fromRedboxandBlockbusterseemtobepoppinguponeverycornerthesedays,buthome-videomarketanalys
随机试题
Ingeneral,theancientRomanswereapracticalpeople.Theycaredlessaboutphilosophyandpuremathematicsthan【C1】______The
在科学、医学上可能做的,不一定是
下述按建设项目的性质不同对基本建设项目的分类()
[2007年第64题]建筑高度不超过100m的一类建筑中,以下哪项应设自动喷水灭火系统?
(2011)关于配色,下列哪项陈述是正确的?
在双轨运行中,因为有手工和计算机两套账同时存在,所以对双轨运行的要求可以稍低于正式运行的要求。()
利率期货合约按其标的产品的期限与特点不同,可以分为()。
A银行2010年贷款应提准备为1300亿元,贷款损失准备充足率为70%,则贷款实际计提准备为()亿元。
有一排长椅总共有65个座位,其中已经有些座位上有人就坐。现在又有一人准备找一个位置就坐,但是此人发现,无论怎么选择座位,都会与已经就坐的人相邻。问原来至少已经有多少人就坐?
根据以下资料,回答下列问题。1952年,我国国内生产总值(CDP)仅为300亿美元。1960年,达到614亿美元。之后,每年的GDP总量呈稳步小幅上升态势。1972年突破1000亿美元,之后用了10年的时间达到2021亿美元(1982年)。从此以
最新回复
(
0
)