首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2012-03-23
55
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible: before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
Handkerchief was not used by ordinary people in Renaissance Italy because______.
选项
A、they can spit and rub it inconspicuously underfoot
B、it is not fashionable
C、it is irrelevant to ceremonial purposes
D、it is luxurious
答案
D
解析
第六段中提到most probably did not have a handkerchief,certainly not a sword,to his name,意思是说普通人根本买不起手绢,所以选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/16iO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Australia.B、Maharashtra.C、France.D、Austria.A
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysical
Anyonewhoopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney,repaymentofwhichhe【M1】______mayd
Anyonewhoopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney,repaymentofwhichhe【M1】______mayd
AreFamiliesNecessary?Ashumanchildrenareunusually【1】foranunusuallylongtime,it’sobviousthateverysocietymustp
AreFamiliesNecessary?Ashumanchildrenareunusually【1】foranunusuallylongtime,it’sobviousthateverysocietymustp
AreFamiliesNecessary?Ashumanchildrenareunusually【1】foranunusuallylongtime,it’sobviousthateverysocietymustp
AmanagementruleforbiddingcollegestudentsoflegalmarriageableagetotietheknotcausedanationwidedebateinChinalong
Innormalreading,______inthephrasethirteengirlsandthirtyboysshouldbestressed.
Canada’sEducationSystemTheCanadiangovernmentprovides【1】publiceducationforallstudentsfromKindergartentoGrade12.
随机试题
下列哪项不符合小舞蹈病的体征
治疗产褥感染选择抗生素的依据是
特发性血小板减少性紫癜可有
可引起新生儿灰婴综合征的是
以下选项是债券收益的表现形式的是()。Ⅰ.利息收入Ⅱ.资本损益Ⅲ.分红派息Ⅳ.再投资收益
下列不属于企业集团财务公司的资产业务的是()。
一般资料:求助者,女性,36岁,已婚,音乐教师。案例介绍:两年前,求助者应聘到某成人高校教音乐课,虽然工作轻松,收入较高,但是自己辛辛苦苦备了课,学生却总是迟到,一堂课就几个学生听。她觉得很失落,没有成就感,感觉工作非常无聊,慢慢对音乐也没有兴趣
小芳的家住在农村,在村里的小学上五年级,一天.爸爸突然对她说:“明天你不要去上学了,到小卖部给你妈帮忙吧,你妈一个人忙不过来。”小芳听后,伤心地哭了。她想念书,她舍不得学校的老师和同学们。但是,她又不能不听爸爸的话,只好不去学校读书了。老师了解到小芳的情况
在UNIX操作系统中,把输入/输出设备看作是(26)。
A、Badtablemanners.B、Arrivinglate.C、Rudenesstorestaurantemployees.D、Dressingtoocasually.C
最新回复
(
0
)