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  3. 　　Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading

　　Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading

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问题 　　Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed【C1】 ________  over the centuries. During the 1950’ s and 1960’ s especially, increased attention has been devoted to【C2】 ________ the reading process.【C3】 ________ specialists agree that reading【C4】 ________ a complex organization of higher mental【C5】 ________ , they disagree【C6】 ________ the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 【C7】 ________  reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand 【C8】 ________  .
    These authorities【C9】 ________ that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is【C10】 ________ related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without【C11】 ________ their meaning is not truly reading. The reader,【C12】 ________ some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 【C13】 ________  reads.
    Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its【C14】 ________. By some expert they would not be【C15】 ________  as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most 【C16】 ________  and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 【C17】 ________  the sound—symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 【C18】 ________  , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do 【C19】 ________  widely and enthusiastically.【C20】 ________  reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
【C8】
选项 A、by
B、to
C、off
D、for
答案D
解析 stand for“代表”；stand by“支持”；stand to“遵守”；stand off“冷淡”。
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