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  3. When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces ph

When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces ph

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问题     When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces physical, environmental, academic, or emotional danger. This triggers a string of physical reactions including depression of the immune system, tensing of the large muscles, blood-clotting, and increasing blood pressure. It’s the perfect response to the unexpected presence of a sable-toothed tiger. But in school, that kind of response leads to problems. Chronically high Cortisol levels lead to the death of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is critical to explicit memory formation.
    These physical changes are significant. Stanford scientist Robert Sapolsky found that atrophy levels in the hippocampus of Vietnam veterans with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) ranged from 8 to 24 percent above the control group. Chronic stress also impairs a student’s ability to sort out what’s important and what’s not. Jacobs and Nadel (1985) suggest that thinking and memory are affected under stress. The brain’s short-term memory and ability to form long-term memories are inhibited.
    There are other problems. Chronic stress makes students more susceptible to illness. In one study, students showed a depressed immune system at test time; they had lower levels of an important antibody for fighting infection. This may explain the vicious academic cycle; more test stress means more sickness, which means poor health and missed classes, which contribute to lower test scores.
    A stressful physical environment is linked to student failure. Crowded conditions, poor student relationships, and even lighting can matter. Optometrist Ray Gottlieb says that school stress causes vision problems. That in turn impairs academic achievement and self-esteem. He says that, typically, a stressed child will constrict breathing and change how he or she focuses to adapt to the stress. This pattern hurts learning in the short and long run. Under stress, the eyes become more attentive to peripheral areas as a natural way to spot predators first. This makes it nearly impossible to track across a page of print, staying focused on small areas of print.
When Ray Gottlieb says that school stress causes vision problems, he means that______.
选项 A、stress leads to short-sightedness of students
B、stress affects students’ breathing
C、stress leads to failure to spot predators
D、stress deviates students’ focus of attention
答案B
解析 事实细节题。第四段第五句提到，压力大的孩子通常会控制呼吸并且改变眼睛聚焦的方式来适应压力，[B]项是对原文中a stressed child will constrict breathing的同义转述，故为答案。[A]项和[D]项文中没有提及，故排除。第四段第七句提到，压力下眼睛更关注周围，就像本能地首先发现捕食者，而不是说压力会导致不能发现捕食者，故排除[C]项。
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