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  3. American hopes that pressure from the US will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade barriers are almost certain to evapora

American hopes that pressure from the US will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade barriers are almost certain to evapora

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问题       American hopes that pressure from the US will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade barriers are almost certain to evaporate in disappointment①. The fact is that Washington faces an obstacle far more formidable than a few power brokers in Tokyo’s government offices.  It’s not in line with the centuries-old, deep-ingrained Japanese customs. To move the Japanese government, Washington government must move an entire nation. So far the US has had only limited success despite congressional threats to retaliate. In an April 9 nationwide broadcast, Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone urged the Japanese to buy more imported goods and unveiled a long-awaited three-year plan to ease import restrictions. But this program was far short of what Washington hoped to see. White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan said the Japanese offered "few new or immediate measures." While the plan did promise fewer shackles on imports of telecommunications gear, medicine and medical equipment, it offered no relief for American forest products—which are among the most contentious trade issues.
      Nakasone gives every sign of being secure in his desire to reduce a Japanese surplus in trade with the US that hit 36.8 billion dollars in 1984 and could soon top billion. Yet to rely on any Japanese political leader, no matter how popular he is at home, to reverse trade policies is to underestimate the culture and traditions that weigh heavily against a breakthrough②. Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan’s top elected leaders. "The whole concept that we can turn this around right now is obviously ridiculous," says an American trader who has lived and worked here since 1952.  "The vested interests are being shaken and  slowly moved, but at a pace too slow for the eye to follow." That view is echoed by a US diplomat closely involved in the efforts to open the Japanese market to American goods, Washington’s main solution to the ballooning trade ambulance. "Japan is a relationship society rather than a transactional one," he says. "You cannot alter that kind of a system with a television speech or a few general proposals, no matter how well-intended they are."
     Beyond specific tariffs or other official barriers to imports, experts here say that the US faces these obstacles. Nearly total domination of the Japanese market by a few dozen giant conglomerates that strongly op pose even token competition—be it from abroad or emerging domestic firms. An elite, thickly layered bureaucracy that historically has drafted laws and regulations as well as enforced them, and both of these powers would be threatened by trade reforms. A longtime relationship between business and government that critics say fosters collusion and hinders foreign entry into domestic markets③.
The word "shackles" in the last sentence of the first paragraph most probably means ______.
选项 A、restrictions
B、emphases
C、considerations
D、weights
答案A
解析 词义理解题。本段第六句话中说日本首相敦促日本人多购买进口产品，并公布了一个期待已久的三年计划，来缓解对进口的限制。下面一句说这远未达到美国的期望。根据第一段最后一句话：尽管这个计划确实承诺减少电讯产品、医疗设备方面的限制，但是并没有放宽对美森林产品的进口限制。从while引导的让步转折从句关系来看，shackles应该跟后面的relief意思相反，而和第六句的restriction同义，所以选择A 。其他选项不合题意。
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