首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India
admin
2015-09-30
98
问题
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India, Thailand and Uganda have started to challenge patents monopolies on medicine, arguing that human lives are more important than patents, copyright, international trade laws, and the economic interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Anti-retroviral therapy has long been unaffordable for people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developing countries, and proponents of generic antiviral drugs argue that the human need justifies the breach of patent law. When the Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization started producing generic antiviral drugs in March 2002 the cost of a monthly treatment for one person plummeted from $ 500- $ 750 to $ 30, hence making treatment more affordable. In response the US government placed Thailand on the list of "copyright violators" despite the fact that the production of antiviral drugs is not subject to copyright, even in the United States. In 2007 the government of Brazil declared Merck’s efavirenz anti-retroviral drug a "public interest" medicine, and challenged Merck to negotiate lower prices with the government or have Brazil strip the patent by issuing a compulsory license.
It is reported that Ghana, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia have similar plans to produce generic antiviral drugs. Western pharmaceutical companies initially responded with legal challenges, but some have now promised to introduce alternative pricing structures for developing countries and NGOs.
Campaigns for affordable access to medicines, such as Oxfam, argue that developing countries are dependent on foreign pharmaceutical companies. Quoting a recent World Health Organisation report, Trevor Jones argues that patent monopolies do not create monopoly pricing. He argues that the companies given monopolies "set prices largely on the willingness/ability to pay, also taking into account the country, disease and regulation" instead of receiving competition from legalized generics.
Under World Trade Organization(WTO)rules, a developing country has options for obtaining needed medications under compulsory licensing or importation of cheaper versions of the drugs, even before patent expiration. In July 2008 Nobel Prize-winning scientist Sir John Sulston criticised the "moral corruption" of the medical industry. Amongst others Sulston said that the world is at a crisis point in terms of getting medicines to sick people, particularly in the developing world, Sulston called for an international biomedical treaty to clear up issues over patents.
In response to these criticisms against pharmaceutical patents it has been pointed out that less than 5% of medicines on the WHO’s essential drugs list are subject to patent monopoly and that countries who believe that these monopolies are impeding health care may not be aware that the medicines in question, particularly for HIV/AIDS related drugs, are not patented in their country.
In face of patents monopolies on medicine, some poor countries______.
选项
A、justified their production of antiviral drugs
B、have initiated anti-patent arguments recently
C、are forced to produce low-cost antiviral drugs
D、have prepared an affordable therapy for patients
答案
C
解析
根据第一段所说的“巴西等发展中国家政府认为人命比专利重要”以及“泰国自己生产治疗艾滋病的药物使患者看得起病”,C应为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2WzZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Smoking,whichmaybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.(1)_____,medicalauthorit
Smoking,whichmaybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.(1)_____,medicalauthorit
A.UnexpectedexpansionB.HowastudentfairallstartedC.WhentopicktherightcourseD.MakingvariousdemandsE.Thepart
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytotheeffectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe
Intheireverydaylife,mostAmericansseemtoagreewithHenryFordwhooncesaid,"Historyismoreorlessabsurdity.Wewant
Bilingualism,ofcourse,canbealegupforcollegeadmissionandaresumepolisher.Butagrowingbodyofresearchnowoffers
Gingrichianpoliticiansreluctanttoaddresstheproblembecause______.Thecomputermodelsfailedtopicturerealitybecause__
Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninthenewspaperontheissueofchoiceofwork.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazine,hehashungaroundGoogleforsolongtha
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcolours,thatistosay,thecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanima
随机试题
A、 B、 C、 D、 C
A.血尿素氮增高B.酸中毒C.两者均有D.两者均无急性肾损伤
区别心源性、肺源性呼吸困难主要观察()。
患者男,47岁,鼻塞、流脓涕14天,头痛、呕吐3天。入院后查体,鼻内镜检查鼻腔有较多脓性分泌物,T39.7℃,WBC17×10。。为明确诊断,入院后应立即进行的辅助检查是
下列说法正确的是()。
招标工程未进行资格预审,评审委员会按规定对投标人安全生产许可证的有效性进行的评审属于()。【2014年真题】
金融衍生工具交易一般只需要支付少量的保证金或权利金就可签订远期大额合约或互换不同的金融工具。这体现了金融衍生工具基本特征中的()。
万泉房地产开发公司在进行一住宅小区的经营建设过程中,因管理、财务方面出现了较大失误,其欲将其180亩的该土地使用权连同在建项目(已完成总投资20%),一起转让,在报纸上刊登转让广告。据此回答下列问题:下列用地中,使用权出让年限最高为40年的为
我国古典文学作品中,思想性和艺术性结合最好的是()。
陈先生:有的学者认为,蜜蜂飞舞时发出的嗡嗡声是一种交流方式,例如蜜蜂在采花粉时发出的嗡嗡声,是在给同一蜂房的伙伴传递它们正在采花粉位置的信息。但事实上,蜜蜂不必通过这样费劲的方式来传递这样的信息。它们从采花粉处飞回蜂房时留下的气味踪迹,足以引导同伴找到采花
最新回复
(
0
)