首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Origins of Plant and Animal Domestication P1: Plant and animal domestication is the most monumental development to have take
The Origins of Plant and Animal Domestication P1: Plant and animal domestication is the most monumental development to have take
admin
2019-03-10
25
问题
The Origins of Plant and Animal Domestication
P1: Plant and animal domestication is the most monumental development to have taken place in the past 13,000 years of human history. It’s relevant to all of us, scientists and non-scientists alike, because it provides most of our food today, it was prerequisite to the rise of civilization, and it transformed global demography. The development of agriculture was accompanied by fundamental changes in the organization on human society: disparities in wealth, hierarchies of power, and urbanization.
P2: Phrases like "plant and animal domestication" and "the invention of agriculture" create the impression that the transition was the discovery of a brilliant sage made in a flash of insight—that if you sow seeds, the crop will grow, and that a dependable food source could be easily grown rather than collected from the wild. Most scholars don’t think so. It seems more likely a gradual cultural evolution that humans used and manipulated wild plants and animals for many hundreds of thousands of years. The transition to gardens, fields, and pastures was probably gradual, as the natural outgrowth of a long familiarity with the environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms of whatever plants and animals humans liked to eat, ride, or wear.
P3: For years, scholars argued that cultivation and animal domestication were invented in one or two locations on Earth and then diffused from those centers of innovation. Genetic studies are now showing that many different groups of people in many different places around the globe learned independently to create especially useful plants and animals through selective breeding. In fact, both patterns played a role in agriculture innovation. Worldwide, approximately 11 regions are believed to be centers of origin of agriculture, identified as the location in which native plant and some animal species were domesticated independently of each other In contrast, in other regions the origin of agriculture is based, at least in large part, on crops and livestock that were introduced to those regions and originally come from the centers of origin.
P4: Scholars used to assume that people turned to cultivating instead of gathering their food either because they there was a shortage of food resources, or because agriculture provided such obviously better nutrition. Reasons for such preconditions include an increase in human population density in combination with decreases in big-game species because of overhunting. Accordingly, the transition to agriculture was not a voluntary act, but rather occurred as a result of the need to find alternative sources of food. By no means did this present advantages over hunting and gathering, as it was more labor and time-intensive and was, in addition, associated with the risk of crop failures and thus with hunger. A varied diet based on gathered (and occasionally hunted) food probably provided a wider, more secure range of nutrients than an early agriculturally based diet of only one or two cultivated crops. It is more likely that populations expanded after agricultural successes, and not before.
P5: Richard MacNeish, an archaeologist who studied plant domestication in Mexico and Central America, suggested that the chance to trade was at the heart of agricultural origins worldwide. Many of the known locations of agricultural innovation lie near early trade centers. The several centers of domestication were almost contemporaneous and developments were very rapid. However, over time these specialized food foragers built up larger populations per unit of land area and were forced to begin exploiting lower quality resources over larger areas. This, as MacNeish suggested, served in part as a motive for early food gatherers to pursue cultivation and animal-raising. Perhaps eventually, because of market demand, it grew into the primary source of sustenance.
P6: E. N. Anderson, writing about the beginnings of agriculture in China, suggests that agricultural production for trade may have been the impetus for several global situations now regarded as problems: rapid population growth, social inequalities, environmental degradation, and famine. As more labor was required to supply the trade, humans produced more children, then more resources were put into producing food for subsistence and for trade. Gradually, hunting and gathering technology was abandoned as populations, with their demands for space, destroyed natural habitats. Meanwhile, a minority elite of hunters or food foragers quit doing what kept them alive and took to trade exclusively. Yet as ever larger populations depended solely on agriculture, when some large scale natural disaster took place, famine became more common.
P3: For years, scholars argued that this transitional stage lasted in some location until resource stress or environmental change led to a diffusion from those centers of innovation. ■ Genetic studies are now showing that many different groups of people in many different places around the globe learned independently to create especially useful plants and animals through selective breeding. ■ In fact, both patterns played a role in agriculture innovation. Worldwide, approximately 11 regions are believed to be centers of origin of agriculture, identified as the location in which native plant and some animal species were domesticated independently of each other. ■ In contrast, in other regions the origin of agriculture is based, at least in large part, on crops and livestock that were introduced to those regions and originally come from the centers of origin. ■
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
选项
A、The change to land cultivation was a slow process because humans were familiar with the needs of relatively few plants and animals.
B、The cultivation of land occurred gradually as it was the product of extensive human experience observing plants and animals of value to humans.
C、Gardens, fields, and pastures were outgrowths of the desire for plants and animals that humans knew from long familiarity were good to eat, wear, or ride.
D、People learned about environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms through their long familiarity with plants and animals that they liked to eat, ride, and wear.
答案
B
解析
【句子简化题】文中句子主干说转变是逐步的,并且包含因果关系,提出一个原因,选项中主干信息一致并包含逻辑关系的只有选项B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2cfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildingarementioned?AwaterproofbarriermaterialsBd
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.TheroleofsleepinhumansandanimalsImportanceofsl
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOsubjectsdidMartinalikebestbeforegoingtouniversity?AArtBHistoryCFrenchDEnglish
Whatdoesthepoliticiansaythegovernmentwilldointhefollowingareas?AincreaseexpenditureBmaintainthesamelevelof
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOthingsareincludedinthepriceofthetour?AgardenglovesBladybugsCbushtimberingles
Beesthathelpwithpollinationbenefitflowersand【L31】________.Beesproducewaxthatcanbemadeintocandlesand【L32】______
A、TheplaywillbeperformedatanotherlocationB、Thewomandidn’tintendtoattendtheplayC、Itisn’tpossibletocancelthe
Theword"standard"inline12isclosestinmeaningtoTheauthormentionsVivaldiandTartiniinline20asexamplesofcomp
Theseahorseuses______toclingtotheseaweedandotherplants.
Thewell-knownGarubSite,unearthedin1997,showsthatmanhadmadelivingthereasearlyas5,000yearsago.
随机试题
固定性湿啰音(大水泡音)弥漫的哮鸣音,呼气相延长
系统性红斑狼疮的特异性临床表现为
背景:某市政桥梁工程,总包方A市政公司将钢梁安装工程分包给B安装公司。总包方A公司制定了钢梁吊装方案并得到监理工程师的批准。由于工期紧,人员紧缺,B公司将刚从市场招聘的李某与高某经简单内部培训组成吊装组。某日清晨,雾气很浓,能见度较低,吊装组就位,准
项目工程安全生产的第一责任人是()。
实现会计电算化后,为保证万无一失,企业会计核算人员应由部分程序研制开发人员兼任。()
在订单匹配原则方面,根据各国证券市场的实践,优先原则主要包括( )。
某木地板厂为增值税一般纳税人。2017年3月15日向某建材商场销售实木地板一批,取得含增值税销售额105.3万元。已知实木地板适用的增值税税率为17%,消费税税率为5%。该厂当月应纳消费税税额为()。
对薪酬调查数据进行离散分析,具体方法有()
任何图书不得含有()和其他有关法律、法规以及国家规定禁止的内容。
数据库设计包括两个方面的设计内容,它们是
最新回复
(
0
)