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"The concept of masculinity is becoming more elusive in society as gender roles blur, with more women taking management position

admin2016-01-29  64
问题     "The concept of masculinity is becoming more elusive in society as gender roles blur, with more women taking management positions and becoming the major breadwinners for their families," said lead researcher Ekaterina Netchaeva, an assistant professor of management and technology at Bocconi University in Milan, Italy. " Even men who support gender equality may see these advances as a threat to their masculinity, whether they consciously acknowledge it or not. " While women are underrepresented in senior management positions in the United States, they are almost on par with men at middle and lower management levels, according to Labor Department statistics. In three experiments, Netchaeva and her co-authors discovered that men feel more threatened when they answer to female bosses.
    In an experiment with 76 college students(52 male, 24 female)at a U. S. university, participants were told they would negotiate their salary at a new job in a computer exercise with a male or female hiring manager. After the negotiation, participants took an implicit threat test where they guessed words that appeared on a computer screen for a fraction of a second. Participants who chose more threat-related words, including "fear" or "risk" , were judged to feel more threatened. Male participants who negotiated with a female manager exhibited more threat and pushed for a higher salary($49,400 average), compared to men negotiating with a male manager($ 42,870 average). The manager’s gender didn’t affect female participants, who negotiated for a lower salary($41,346 average), reflecting a common trend where women tend to be less aggressive than men in negotiations, Netchaeva said.
    In another experiment, 68 male college students had to decide how to split a $ 10,000 bonus with a male or female team member or supervisor. Male participants evenly split the money with male or female team members, but men felt more threatened by a female supervisor and tried to keep more money for themselves than with a male supervisor.
    In a similar experiment conducted online with 370 adult participants(226 male, 144 female)from the United States, men were more receptive to female supervisors who were described as proactive and direct rather than self-promotive and power-seeking. Specifically, male participants tried to keep a larger share of the $ 10,000 bonus if the female manager was described as ambitious or power-seeking. Female participants offered roughly the same bonus amount to proactive or ambitious female managers.
    Self-assertive behavior by men toward female bosses could disrupt the workplace dynamics, stifle team cohesiveness and negatively affect team performance, Netchaeva said. "In an ideal world, men would be concerned by these findings and adjust their behavior accordingly. But if they don’t, where does that leave women?" she said. "Given the strong societal norms surrounding masculinity, it may be difficult for men to recognize or change their behavior. " If men won’t change their actions, then female supervisors may want to appear more proactive and less power-seeking to maintain smooth relationships in the workplace, Netchaeva said.
In the second and third experiments, how do male participants deal with the $ 10,000 bonus?
选项 A、They keep the same share of money for themselves ignoring the gender of the supervisors.
B、They keep more money for themselves when the female supervisors are proactive and direct.
C、They keep more money for themselves when the female supervisors are power-seeking.
D、They divide the money equally with their team members, female and male supervisors.
答案C
解析 信息题。根据题干定位到第三和第四段。定位词为：experiments和male participants。第四段指出“男性更能接受那种被描述成积极主动且直接的女上司，而不是只为自我进步及追求权力的女上司。如果女上司是那种野心勃勃或者只追求权力的人，男性参与者会尽力给自己留一大部分奖金。”由此可知，[C]选项说法正确，为正确选项。[B]选项说法与之相反，故排除。第三段最后一句指出“男性参与者很平均地把这些钱分给男女同事，但是他们觉得与男上司相比，他们受女上司的威胁更多一些，于是尽量给自己留更多的钱”，由此可知[A]选项说法错误，男性参与者对这1万美元奖金的处理方式是受上司性别影响的，故排除[A]选项。男性参与者只是与男女同事均分奖金，并未与女性上司均分，[D]选项说法错误，故排除。
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