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  3. Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benef

Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benef

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问题     Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person’ s utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’ s enjoying the same good.
    Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit--irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.
    It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense: Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.
According to the passage, finding out the social costs of a public good is a ______.
选项 A、difficult procedure
B、daily administrative duty
C、matter of personal judgment
D、citizen’ s responsibility
答案A
解析 文章第三段第一句指出，确定使用公共商品的费用和益处是一件不容易的事。接着又讲到，要想向看公路标志的司机，使用灯塔的海员，享受国家安全的公民收费很不现实。
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