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Richard Rorty was one of the most talked-about thinkers in America. Every professional philosopher in the English-speaking world

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问题     Richard Rorty was one of the most talked-about thinkers in America. Every professional philosopher in the English-speaking world had to study his masterpiece, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, published in 1979.【F1】But the reason why he was a superstar is that it was not only philosophers who read him; students and teachers in many other branches of the humanities fellunder his spell as well. This wide appeal was partly due to his approachable style and breadth of learning. It also helped that he attacked philosophy as a self-important pretender with no monopoly on deep truths.
    In fact, for Rorty there weren’t really any deep truths at all. He saw himself as a pragmatist in the American tradition of William James and (especially) John Dewey.【F2】He says that beliefs should be.judged by their usefulness, and not by any supposed correspondence with an ultimate reality that hides behind the landscape of everyday life.This sort of pragmatism reduces philosophy to just one form of enlightening conversation among many.
    Rorty began studies at the University of Chicago at the age of 15. He was married, divorced and remarried. There were rows with departmental colleagues. He wrote a lot and died of cancer.【F3】If Neil Gross, who is an American sociologist, had set out to write a traditional biography of Rorty, he would not have had a gripping tale to tell.Instead he has used Rorty as a case study in the sociological analysis of academe.
    Why did he do it?【F4】Unfortunately for anyone who is not a professional sociologist, Mr.Gross is more interested in distinguishing subtly different ways of answering this question than he is in the question itself.And his writing seems almost designed to make pedestrian generalizations sound as if they are insights:【F5】 "As thinkers move across the life course and are affiliated with different institutions, they may pick up from some of them the same elements that they integrate into their self-concept narratives."Almost by accident, Mr.Gross does shed some light on Rorty’s development. He shows that his estrangement from his colleagues at Princeton was a natural evolution from his early studies in Chicago and graduate work at Yale. Those who agree with Rorty’s critique of philosophy will be tempted to conclude from this volume that sociology is even worse.
【F2】
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答案他认为，信念的价值应该由其实用性进行评判，而任何与隐藏在日常生活表象背后的终极现实之间的假定联系都不应该成为评判标准。
解析 beliefs should be judged by…not by…这个句子如果直译，就是“信念应该由……而不是由……来对其进行评判”，not by后面的成分特别长，如果硬套入上面这个结构，译文就会很别扭。因此可将be judged by…not by拆成两句进行翻译，即“信念应该由……进行评判”；“……不应成为其评判的标准”。
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