首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Survival of English Language I . Introduction —English widespread in【T1】______【T1】______ —【T2】______show(s)how English survived【
Survival of English Language I . Introduction —English widespread in【T1】______【T1】______ —【T2】______show(s)how English survived【
admin
2017-03-20
49
问题
Survival of English Language
I . Introduction
—English widespread in【T1】______【T1】______
—【T2】______show(s)how English survived【T2】______
II. Five periods of its【T3】______【T3】______
1)410 CE to the mid-8 th century
—【T4】______mercenaries coming and spreading their language among【T4】______
the Britons
—center of【T5】______: York in Northumbia【T5】______
2)Mid-8th century to 899
—The Danes replaced the Anglo-Saxons to rule Northumbia, but
were【T6】______by Alfred of Wessex.【T6】______
—Alfred called on people to【T7】______【T7】______
—Center was shifted to【T8】______.【T8】______
—Alfred’s【T9】______enabled most of the existing laws and literary【T9】______
works to be in English.
3)959 to 1066
—England was divided into【T10】______and English speaking areas.【T10】______
—Canute became ruler of【T11】______【T11】______
—Center was moved to London.
—Edward succeeded Canute and English gave way to【T12】______【T12】______
4)1080 to the 17 th century
—Written English【T13】______before the advent of "Provision of【T13】______
Oxford".
—Since 14th century, English had gained renewed life.
—【T14】______English appeared in the 17th century.【T14】______
5)1837 to today
—English was used widely as a result of【T15】______, computer, the【T15】______
World Wide Web and rapid communication.
【T9】
Survival of English Language
Good morning. Twice in its history, English came very close to joining the list of dead languages.(1)Yet, this language of a small island not only survived, but lived to be spoken by an estimated 1. 5 billion people in the 21st century. Today we shall have a look at how English escaped its extinction.
Death is a common fate of unwritten languages.(2)But written records of the languages spoken on the island of Britain show us how the English language became the language of the island and how it survived. We now turn to those written records.
(3)There are five critical periods in the survival of the English language.
1)410 CE to the mid-eighth century
Early in the fifth century, Rome recalled its legions and told the Britons to defend themselves.(4)Rich, unprotected, and attacked from all sides, King Vortigern on the East coast invited Germanic mercenaries to cross the channel to defend him against his enemies within and without. These mercenaries, mostly Angle and Saxon clans of Germanic peoples, called their language " englisc"(pronounced " anglish").
The language of the Germanic mercenaries became the language of the conquered area.(5)From the seventh through the mid-eighth centuries York in Northumbria, famed for its schools and for its literary productions, was the center of the English-speaking world.
2)Mid-eighth century to 899
By the mid 700’s, the Anglo-Saxons were on the receiving end of slaughter and ruin by Danish armies. The Danes overran all the Anglo-Saxon areas, including Northumbria, the heartland of literacy in Anglo-Saxon England. Wessex, ruled by Alfred the Great, remained the only area still controlled by English-speakers. The Danes were neither united nor had a united command: Alfred did.(6)Eventually, Alfred forced the Danes back. Danish Northumbria submitted to Alfred in 886.
After a century and more of death and destruction, very few literate English-speaking people remained.(7)Alfred set out to revive the language through education and writing. In 891 he sent out a call for anybody who could read or write. Outside of his personal staff, the handwriting of only eight new people appeared in the earliest records.(8)The center of literary production shifted from York in Northumbria to Winchester in Wessex.
(9)Due to Alfred’s education programs, most of the existing laws, poems, songs and stories were in the West Saxon dialect of his Wessex. Alfred died in 899.
3)959 to 1066
In 959, King Edgar, the great-grandson of Alfred, ruled both Danes and Saxons in England. The incompetent King Ethelred the Unready succeeded Edgar. He could not control the Danes.(10)More Danes invaded: civil war followed. This second time, violent battles ended in a tie. The Danish leader, Canute, and Saxon King-elect, Edmund Ironsides, divided the country into Danish and English speaking areas.(11)Canute and Edmund made a compromise that a united kingdom went to whoever died first. Two years later, Edmund died: Canute became King of all England in 1018. With Canute the center of literary production moved to London. English remained a written language, at least for sermons and laws.
Widower Canute wedded Emma, daughter of the Duke of Normandy. She was the mother of Edward, who became king after Canute’s heir from his marriage to Emma died.(12)Raised in Normandy, Edward preferred the French. In 1066, the French-speaking Normans conquered England. Norman French, based in London, became the only language of literature, law, and court. This third time, English became the language of the brutally oppressed illiterate. The language again seemed heading for extinction.
4)1080 to the 17 th century
(13)After 1080, only a few written documents in English appeared: a last chronicle entry in 1134: a manual for religious women from around 1200. During the twelfth and most of the thirteenth centuries, we have no written records of English laws, poetry, songs, or stories. In 1258 the bilingual French-English " Provisions of Oxford," granting some rights to barons, showed up as the first public document in English in more than 200 years.
In the 14th century the English language resurfaced as a legal and literary language. Orally transmitted English poetry was preserved in written form in the Auchinleck Manuscript from 1325 to 1330. In 1344 the first petition in English appeared. In the last quarter of the century, Chaucer wrote his works, including the Canterbury Tales, in English. During this same period, John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English, the language of the common people.
In the fifteenth century, English gave further signs of renewed life. In 1413 , King Henry IV wrote the first royal will in English. Religious plays were in English. By the late sixteenth century, we see the flowering of English theater with Shakespeare and Marlowe and Jonson.(14)Modern English arrived in the 17th century. The English language won this " Battle of Britain. "
5)1837 to Today
In the nineteenth century, the "sun never set on the British Empire" was in the English language.(15)By the twentieth century, the Empire included India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Bermuda. English, of course, was also the language of the United States. The United States did its part to spread the language to the Philippines and Samoa. There is, however, a substantial difference between the wide-spread, yet irregular, distribution of English in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and today. That difference is the computer, the World Wide Web, and rapid communication.
Today, not surprisingly, the English language is global in use. English-speakers built the first electronic computing machines during World War II, which heralded the computer age. Years later, the technology that created the Internet and the World Wide Web is primarily the product of speakers and writers of the English language. Instruction manuals and technical documents, as well as printers, keyboards, and monitors are for users of English.
Now, you’ve got to know the five critical periods of English language. Although other languages across history reached the corners of their then known world, the English language survived near extinction: its written records now endlessly circle the entire world.
So much for today. Thank you for your attention.
选项
答案
education programs
解析
本题设题点在原因解释处。根据句(9)可知,由于阿尔弗雷德实施相关的教育方案以推广英语的使用,当时的法律、诗歌所用的语言都是其领地威塞克斯西部撒克逊人的方言,故答案为education programs。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/4QzK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
EnglishforSpecificPurposesESP:EnglishforSpecificPurposesESL:EnglishasaSecondLanguageI.DifferencesbetweenESPa
Therearemanywaysinwhichthephenomenaoflanguageandcultureareintimatelyrelated.Allphenomenaareuniquetohumansan
HowtoWriteaThesisI.Introductionpart—writingthe【B1】______afterfinishingtherest【B1】______—includingahookatthe
EndtheUniversityasWeKnowIt1.ProblemsconfrontingAmericanuniversitiesA.impracticalgraduate【B1】______【B1】______B.
Duringthenextfewweekspublisherswillreleaseacrushofbooks,pilethemontodeliverylorriesandfighttogetthemonthe
EnglishforSpecificPurposesESP:EnglishforSpecificPurposesESL:EnglishasaSecondLanguageI.DifferencesbetweenESPa
TheUnitedStatesdidn’tparticipateinWorldWarIIuntil
______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toforma
随机试题
Whathasbeenfoundbythewoman?
函数y=ax+b和y=ax2+bx+c在同一直角坐标系内的图像大致是()。
患儿男性,2岁。生后曾接种卡介苗,本次因患肺炎入院,入院后行结核菌素(PPD)试验。结核菌素试验出现假阴性的情况有
下列哪种疾病,胸部透视可见"哑铃状"双极阴影
男,50岁。某公司销售部门总裁,平时生活规律,但脾气暴躁,易怒;工作中竞争意识强,特别看重工作效率,说话、办事雷厉风行;针对他的性格特点,最应注意预防下列哪些疾病()
下列会计电算化岗位职责中,()岗位是不相容职责。
下列不属于基金销售费用的是()。
下列符合集合资产管理计划合格投资者条件的是()。Ⅰ.个人金融资产合计为150万元人民币Ⅱ.公司净资产为5000万元人民币Ⅲ.家庭金融资产合计为500万元人民币Ⅳ.企业净资产为900万元人民币
下列关于同一控制下的企业合并和非同一控制下的企业合并中产生的差额的处理的说法中,正确的是()。
规定小学教育“发展儿童身心,并培养儿童民族意识、国民道德基础及生活所必需的基本知识技能”的文件是
最新回复
(
0
)