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  3. Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should: . summariz

Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should: . summariz

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问题     Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should:
    . summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then
    . comment on what we can do to put an end to fake news on the Internet. You can support yourself with information from the excerpt.
    Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
                                Prices for Fake News Campaigns Revealed
    Mounting a year-long fake news campaign can cost about $400 000, suggests a report.
    The Trend Micro report draws on price lists found on sites that run the misinformation campaigns. Costs cover setting up fake social media profiles, writing false news stories and spreading them via fictitious followers.
    Questions over the influence of fake news have led Google and Facebook to promise to curb its spread.
    In its report, Trend Micro looked at Russian, Middle Eastern and English language sites offering all kinds of services based around manipulating social media, search engines and news organisations.
    The services on offer included: Creating celebrities, sparking social unrest including demonstrations, discrediting journalists, and putting sustained pressure on elections or political parties. Some of the services profiled gave very detailed breakdowns of what could be done to influence political debate or manipulate the media.
    The $50 000 cost of discrediting a journalist involved fake news stories contradicting the target’s articles promoted via paid upvotes, likes, retweets and comments. It also involved tens of thousands of bots swamping a target’s Twitter with malicious comments or posting strongly critical comments on stories.
    "It’s never been easier to manipulate social media and other online platforms to affect and amplify public opinion," said Trend Micro spokesman Bharat Mistry.
    The key to making the campaigns work, said the report, was creating stories, posts and discussions that "pander to its audience’s ideologies".
    Trend Micro said one good way to limit the impact of fake news was to educate users and give them tools to spot unreliable sources and concocted campaigns.
    In addition, said Trend Micro, people should consume a wide range of news stories. "Stories that don’t align with your own beliefs don’t necessarily mean they’re fake," it said.
选项
答案 How to Stop Fake News on the Internet? With the ill intention of manipulating social media to affect and amplify public opinion, some fake news campaigns are mounted at a huge cost via creating fictitious content. To fight against this, readers should be offered powerful tools to distinguish the fake from the true. Meantime, they should also accommodate news different from their ideologies. These days, surfing the Internet gives us a similar experience as the one we are wading through muddy marshes where the aroma and miasma mix. False and unreliable information spreads so pervasively on the Internet that it is extremely demanding for us to discern the truth. Moreover, with the vicious intention of manipulating public opinion, some websites fabricate fake news to make a profit. Therefore, strict surveillance by the government must be carried out to filter inappropriate content to ensure the news is in full compliance with the core values. Technically speaking, smart censorship software that can distinguish fake news from real ones should be applied into almost every field in society. Meanwhile, the netizens should sharpen their eyes to detect forged news whose features are photoshopped photographs, provocative headlines, and details on stories without verifiable resources. A century ago, a book named The Crowd shocked the world into a new recognition about how powerfully the controlling power could influence the masses through media. A century later, the same game is still on play. So only with concerted efforts of the government and netizens can we stop the cyber space from falling into an abyss where ill-intentioned people have an axe to grind.
解析     本题要求讨论如何杜绝网络上的虚假新闻现象。随着互联网的不断发展，一些网站为了达到操控舆论等目的，炮制虚假新闻扰乱网络世界。如何解决这个问题是本文探讨的主要话题。在具体行文方面，考生可以在第一段简单概述所给材料的内容；第二段提出自己的观点并展开论述，论证有理有据即可；第三段再次强调自己的观点，总结全文。
    开头部分第一段概括材料中的主要观点。首先点明炮制网络虚假新闻的目的是为了操控舆论；其次指出为了达到这一目的，有人不惜斥以重金；最后总结材料中为了解决假新闻问题给出的两点建议，即读者应该配备鉴别软件，同时读者也应该以宽容的心来接受与自己理念不同的新闻。
    中间部分第二段首先使用过渡句承上启下，唤起大众读新闻时的共同感受，其次从两方面指出现在新闻网站的问题，然后重点分析新闻网站制造虚假新闻的深刻原因是为了获取利润，接下来自然引出如何解决这一问题的话题。措施方面，文章从政府和网民两个层面来阐述。在阐述过程中，有理有据地给出了一些具体的措施，例如安装具有甄别功能的软件，提高网民的甄别意识等等。
    结尾部分首先引用名著《乌合之众》升华主题，强调虚假新闻问题的严重性，然后总结应该采取的政府和个人两方面的措施，使文章首尾照应，浑然一体。
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