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Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burd

admin2022-07-19  9
问题     Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics— the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
    As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
    But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ’common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
    Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
    What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are________.
选项 A、expected to copy human brain in internal structure
B、able to perceive abnormalities immediately
C、far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
D、best used in a controlled environment
答案C
解析 本题关键词是monkey，属于例证题，即作者列举猴子的例子是为了说明机器人是怎样的。根据第五段可知，人脑的聪明以及认知能力的复杂程度(比如能够立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子)已经超出了人类自己的想象(than previously imagined)，是最先进的计算机系统也望尘莫及的(can’t approach that kind of ability)，即机器人聚焦目标的速度和精确度都不可能超过人脑，因此选项C是对该段的全面概括，为正确选项。也就是说，机器人目前不可能像人类那样具有立刻感知异常现象的能力，所以选项B正反混淆。根据第四段第二句，人们认为他们在2010年之前能够用晶体管电路和微处理器复制人类大脑的活动，但是最近研究人员已经开始把这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年，即人类目前还不能复制人脑的活动，而且有可能在数百年内都不可能复制，并且这也不是作者列举猴子的例子要说明的问题，所以选项A正反混淆、答非所问。根据第五段第二句，人类制造的机器人在受控制的工厂环境里，能够识别仪表盘上几分之一毫米的误差，即机器人必须在受控制的工厂环境里才能工作，而选项D说的是机器人最好在受控制的环境中使用，文中也没有谈到best used的相关信息，而且这也不是作者列举猴子的例子要说明的问题，所以，选项D偷换概念、答非所问。
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