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  3. David frank started working for tips when he was 11 years old, delighting restaurant diners in New York with his magic tricks. A

David frank started working for tips when he was 11 years old, delighting restaurant diners in New York with his magic tricks. A

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问题     David frank started working for tips when he was 11 years old, delighting restaurant diners in New York with his magic tricks. As a teenager he would make an average of $60—70 in an evening—not bad, but he wanted more. So he started reading research on tipping, and found a study showing that servers who left a sweet at the end of the meal could up their pay. He tried handing punters a playing card at the end of his act, hoping that the memento would persuade them to part with more cash. It worked.
    Mr. Frank’s findings confirmed the notion of the tip as a sort of reward for outstanding service. That may sound straightforward, but a follow-up study with Michael Lynn of Cornell University, where Mr Frank now happens to be a student, found an opportunity for some sleight of hand.
    They discovered that performing a magic trick at a table also increased the tips for the waiters and waitresses serving there, even though they had done absolutely nothing more than usual. Though tipping may seem like a simple economic transaction, by incentivising people to perform extra well, it turns out to be anything but.
    For a start, economists are puzzled by the fact that so many people give tips, voluntarily handing out cash for a routine service, when it is assumed that customers generally want to pay as little as possible for what they buy. But fuzzier factors also seem to matter, like the feelings of gratitude that Mr Frank inspired. A survey in 2010 by Ofer Azar of Israel’s Ben-Gurion University of the Negev found that 85％ of American tippers claimed to be following a social norm, while 60％ said they tipped to avoid guilty.
    During the pandemic these fuzzy factors appear to have intensified. Mr Lynn observed that people have been tipping more generously even while ordering takeaway food, while Sarah Conlisk of the Federal Reserve Board has found that people travelling in richer areas have been tipping their taxi drivers more than before.
    The presence of a pandemic or of a magician performing at one’s table are just two of an array of factors that may affect the size of a tip. A tipper may simply be touched by the server. If a waiter squats down beside you at the table as he or she takes your order, that often elicits a higher tip. Good weather may spur generosity too.
It can be inferred that most American tippers give tips due to________.
选项 A、their prospects of paying little for goods
B、their desire for showing gratitude
C、their hope to avoid feeling guilty
D、their adherence to local customs
答案D
解析 推断题。根据题千中的most Amerlean tippers可定位至第四段。第三句说85％ of American tippers claimed to be following a social norm (在美国，85％付小费的人称他们是在遵循一种社会规则)，D项中adherence to local customs正是对following a social norm的同义改写，故D项正确。A项属于答非所问，该内容为顾客的一般消费心理，而非美国大多数付小费的人付小费的原因，故排除。B项属于以偏概全，这只是顾客付给弗兰克小费的原因，故排除。C项属于张冠李戴，这是美国60％付小费的人付小费的原因，故排除。故本题答案为D项。
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