首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward i
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward i
admin
2022-04-28
51
问题
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822. The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of
the mother country
. The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788—1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent. But
this conspiracy
never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed. Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society. All proved abortive or were soon crushed. Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.
The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil. Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence. The Portuguese prince and future King Joao VI opened Brazil’s ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil. In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal. In one sense, however, Brazil’s new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another. Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain. One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of
the country
.
Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil’s new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class. But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on
who
came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.
The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal. The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but
they
were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil. They demanded the immediate return of King Joao to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly. Timid and vacillating, King Joao did not know which way to turn. Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal. He left behind
him
, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.
Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808. One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil. The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822. On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers
who
perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "I remain." On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!" In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil.
The word "its" in Paragraph 5 refers to ________.
选项
A、Brazil
B、Pedro
C、the Portuguese parliament
D、the liberties
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/6dfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,orC.WhatisBill’sattitudetowardKim?
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Americanboysdropoutofschoolatahigherratethangirlsbecause
economic本题有关斯里兰卡的卫生项目给当地居民带来的好处。录音原文中的improve是题目中providebetter的同义替换:而chances是opportunities的同义转述。
Conserving本题有关两种不同特征的文化。根据录音的关键词contrasting“相反的”可知,空格处应填入和extending“开放性的”意思相反的词。
ReceptionAssistant乌龟养殖业(turtlefarming)这个计划从经济角度上讲是否能成功我们还不能确定:录音中的workwell与题目处的successful为同义替换,fromaneconomicpointofview
First(reportedby)Spanishexplorersin1796,(theasphalt)inCalifornia’sLaBreaTarPitwasmined(commercial)for(many)y
随机试题
中国特色社会主义政治发展道路,是近代以来中国人民长期奋斗的历史逻辑、理论逻辑、实践逻辑的必然结果,是坚持党的本质属性、践行党的根本宗旨的必然要求。走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路,必须坚持的中国特色社会主义政治制度有()。
构成标高分析活动的基本阶段是标高和()
A.水解B.氧化C.异构化D.聚合E.脱羧聚乙烯聚合度由2000反应生成聚合度为4000
(2009年)关于行政复议第三人,下列哪一选项是错误的?
由曲面及z=x2+y2所围成的立体体积的三次积分为()。
大批量采购水泥的供货合同,在交货检验的条款内应当约定( )等内容。
根据《企业破产法》的规定,债务人在出现破产事由时,可以向人民法院提出( )申请。
企业处于繁荣期,可以采取扩充厂房设备和提高产品价格的理财策略。()
()是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心。
Describetheproceduresofbanker’sacceptanceaccordingtothenumbersgiveninthefollowingcharter.
最新回复
(
0
)