首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
admin
2021-08-17
25
问题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or
despondent
? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.
Baring the teeth in a hostile way
, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The
facial-feedback hypothesis
argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words:
"The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. "
Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as are commendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?
选项
A、They would become less intense.
B、They would last longer than usual.
C、They would cause problems later.
D、They would become more negative.
答案
A
解析
事实细节题。第三段第五句提到,达尔文表示:“情感外露的自由表达强化了这种情感。相反,尽可能压抑情感外露会削弱我们的情感”。由此可知,不表达情感会造成情感的削弱,故A项为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/6lra777K
本试题收录于:
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)题库专业硕士分类
0
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)
专业硕士
相关试题推荐
AccordingtoF.deSaussure,()referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommuni
Writeacompositionoflessthan400wordsonthegiventopicbelow.China’sEnvironmentChallengedbyRapidEconomicGrowth
Everyonewhohasvisitedthecityagreesthatitis______withlife.
Intheolddays,itwasalldonewithcakes.ForMarcelProust,itwasavisittoMother’sforteaandmadeleinesthatprovided
Afteryearsofnegotiation,aninternationalagreementtoconserve______speciesandecosystemshasfinallybeenchanged.
Thereissubstantialevidencethatby1926,withthepublicationofTheWearyBlues,LangstonHugheshadbrokenwithtwowell-es
It’snothingnewthatEnglishuseisontherisearoundtheworld,especiallyinbusinesscircles.ThisalsohappensinFrance,
Notuntilthe1850’s______inNewYorkseektorescuehistoricbuildingfromdestructionoralteration.
ItdispleasesmyparentswhenRichardandIstayoutlateeverynight.Myparentsdon’tapprove______.
Afterfouryearsinthesamejobhisenthusiasmfinally________.
随机试题
提高劳动职业技能是劳动者的义务。
婴儿对食物味道非常敏感,适宜添加辅食的时期是
A.精神呆滞B.频繁惊厥C.腹痛D.颈强直E.面神经瘫痪结核性脑膜炎早期主要表现
与强直性脊柱炎有关的HLA基因型主要是
外感热病中,正邪相争,提示病变发展转折点的是()
秦艽的功效是
耕地占用税的特点有()。
甲企业与乙银行签订借款合同,借款金额为100万元人民币,借款期限为1年,由丙企业作为借款保证人。合同签订3个月后,甲企业因扩大生产规模急需追加资金,遂与乙银行协商,在未经丙同意的情形下,将贷款金额增加到150万元。后甲企业到期不能偿还债务,下列关于丙企业保
每一个复杂的生物个体都是由各种不同的细胞构成的系统,其中每个细胞中的DNA都包含了该生物个体所有性状的遗传信息。这段话蕴涵的哲理有()。
公众的“有色眼镜”,经常________、由点到面:而公共部门的形象,也是一荣俱荣、一损俱损。只有认识到了这一点,我们才能把对各种公平和不公平怀疑的回应,当作重建信任的一环,并以此积累信任、________诚信社会。填入画横线部分最恰当的一项是:
最新回复
(
0
)