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  3. The term "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is info

The term "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is info

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问题     The term "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. "Informal learning", on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.
    These definitions provide the essential difference between the two modes of learning. Formal learning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those obtained from practical daily life. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which can prepare for the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.
    In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. The language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families. Middle-class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working-class classmates.
    Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child’s experience of learning is more direct, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell—senses that are under-utilized in the classroom.
    Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child’s socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide—sometimes unintentionally—target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and place.
    The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two models of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status.
    Given that learning systems develop as a response to the social and economic contexts in which they are fixed, it is understandable that modern, highly urbanized societies have concentrated almost exclusively on the establishment of formal education systems. What these societies have failed to recognise are the ways in which formal learning hinders the child’s multi-sensory acquisition of practical skills. The failure to provide a child with a direct education may in part account for many of the social problems which trouble our societies.
Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the text?
选项 A、The author does nothing but define two modes of learning.
B、The author first offers a definition to each of the two modes of learning and then compares them.
C、The author compares the two mode of learning and concludes that informal learning is better than formal learning.
D、The author advocates banning formal learning for it accounts for many social problems.
答案B
解析 篇章题。作者在第一段中对两种学习方式下了定义，在随后的二、三、四、五、六段中对两种学习方式进行了比较，最后指出正式学习(教育)的缺陷导致很多社会问题。故[B]正确。[A]是第一段的内容，显然不对；作者在文章中并没有比较两种学习方式孰优孰劣，所以[C]不对；作者也没有说要禁止正式教育，故[D]不对。
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