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  3. Warfare refers to the use of force on the part of two or more nations or other organized groups for the purpose of deciding ques

Warfare refers to the use of force on the part of two or more nations or other organized groups for the purpose of deciding ques

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问题     Warfare refers to the use of force on the part of two or more nations or other organized groups for the purpose of deciding questions at issue that cannot be settled by diplomatic means. Warfare takes a variety of forms besides organized military confrontations—among them insurrections (起义), coups d’etat(政变), guerrilla (游击队) warfare, and terrorism. A state of war can also exist without actual resort to arms, such as the cold war.
    The military institutions of a nation and the way it wages war ate determined principally by its form of government, social structure, economic strength, and geographical position. Before World War Ⅱ, the United States, taking advantage of its isolated geographical positions, maintained only a small standing army and depended on its navy and that of Britain.
    Warfare is employed to bring about or to resist political, social, or economic changes. History provides evidence of such tangible (切实的), and frequently interrelated, causes as religious conflict, protection of dynastic (朝代的) succession, or acquisition of territory. War for acquisition of land is directly related to the necessity of providing food for a nation or a group; thus, pioneer settlers in the U. S. waged war against the Native Americans for land on which to grow their crops and graze their cattle. In ancient times and during the Middle Ages, wars were often based on the desire to conquer other peoples and to increase wealth by collecting taxes and tributes by force from them. Wars are also often linked to a desire for security, on the theory that a se-called first strike prevents an enemy from carrying out threats.
    The overall plan devised to defeat an enemy is called strategy. The actual techniques carried out against the enemy are tactics, which consist of the procedures for winning on the battlefield, in naval battle, and in aerial combat. The execution of plans, making possible the attainment of military objectives, involves functions carried out by a field commander whose tactical judgment and leadership are critical. Logistics (后勤), which involves transporting troops and furnishing continuous supplies in support of military operations, is essential to the success of the mission. Mobilizing industry, utilities, and medical service, as well as scientific research facilities and propaganda (宣传) sources, are also part of the logistics planning function.
According to the second paragraph, the military institutions of a nation are not determined by ______.
选项 A、geographical position
B、social structure
C、economic strength
D、the leader
答案D
解析 文章第二段提到“The military institutions of a nation and the way it wages war are determined principally by its form of government，social structure，economic strength，and geographical position．”即一个国家的军事制度和它发动战争的方式主要由它的政府形式，社会结构，经济力量，以及地理位置决定。而不是主观地由领导个人决定。因此选择D。
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