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  3. The widespread adoption of the Internet and the Web makes it possible to administer questionnaire surveys electronically .potent

The widespread adoption of the Internet and the Web makes it possible to administer questionnaire surveys electronically .potent

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问题     The widespread adoption of the Internet and the Web makes it possible to administer questionnaire surveys electronically .potentially achieving much greater cost-effectiveness and permitting the integration of data from many sources. At the same time, there are significant technical challenges that must be met, especially in the areas of logistics and sampling. Recognizing the need for innovation in this and related areas, the NSF Methodology, Measurement, and Statistics Program, in collaboration with a consortium of federal statistical a-gencies represented by the Interagency Council of Statistical Policy and the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, has held a special competition on survey research methods. Included among the topic areas in the competition announcement is"secure and easy-to-use methods of collecting survey data via the Web".
    Today’s leading social scientific surveys are very expensive interview studies of national samples. For example, the GSS administers a 90-minute face-to-face interview to 1, 500 American adults at a cost bf about $ 500 per interview. However, the respondents are not a title random sample because cost considerations with respect to the interviewer’s travel require that respondents be recruited in a limited number of geographic clusters, and there is no list of residents from which a random sample could be drawn. The small number of geographic areas surveyed limits scientists’ability to link GSS data to other geographically based data such as the U. S. census. Because of the high cost and many research communities that seek time in the GSS, it is impossible to include more than a handful of questions on any particular topic. This prevents the GSS from employing much of the best methodology of measurement scale construction, which requires inclusion of a large number of items. Surveys like the GSS will be needed in future decades to chart the changing social .economic, and political conditions of the American public. But many types of social science will advance more rapidly through surveys administered over the web.
    Web-based surveys can reach very large numbers of respondents at low cost They will be geographically dispersed so that their data can be linked to the census to local economic information, and to data from other web-based surveys. It might not be possible to hold the interviewees’ interest for the full 90-minute questionnaire of the GSS, but shorter duration surveys administered to very large numbers of respondents can in the aggregate include far more items, thereby permitting much finer measurement of scientifically interesting variables. The high cost of major national surveys generally has restricted the topic studied to those that especially require highly representative samples such as family structure and economic status in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and voting behavior in the American National Election Study .data from both of which are now freely available over the web. A vast array of other scientific research areas, therefore, have languished for many years without the large-scale survey data that would permit knowledge to progress.
What makes traditional surveys unscientific according to the second paragraph?
选项 A、The sampling is not made strictly randomly.
B、The interview has to be conducted face-to-face.
C、Improper questions are often included in a survey.
D、Selection of respondents is often a matter of personal decision.
答案A
解析 文章指出，科学调查应该是随即调查，但传统调查由于经费等原因只能局限于特定区域进行调查。第二段However，the respondents are not a tide random sample because cost considerations withrespect to the interviewer’s travel require that respondents be recruited in a limited number of geographic clusters．
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