首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
admin
2018-07-24
27
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization.
The word hardly in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、frequently
B、likely
C、barely
D、obviously
答案
C
解析
In this passage, hardly is a synonym for "barely."
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/7CfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
ChooseTWOletters,A-EWhichTWOproblemsdoSamandthetutoridentifyconcerninggroupassignments?APersonalrelationships.
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildingarementioned?AwaterproofbarriermaterialsBd
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
(right)balance录音原文中的betweenacademicandrecreationalactivities“在学术和娱乐活动之间”是对题目中的betweenstudyandleisure“在学习和休闲之间”的同义转述。
Pheromonesaresubstancesthatserveaschemicalsignalsbetweenmembersofthe samespecies.Theyaresecretedtot
随机试题
“鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已”出自诸葛亮的《________》。
A.有效期满之日起不少于2年B.有效期满之日起不少于3年C.有效期满之日起不少于4年D.有效期满之日起不少于5年麻醉药品和第一类精神药品生产、经营企业应建立其专用账册,有效期为()。
闪变电压是指()。
下列市场行为中,不属于承诺的有( )。
产品品种的多样化和数量的规模化,要求全程物流的支持,需建立_个有效的供应链网络。具有该生产物流特征的生产类型是()。
中国与佛教结缘已有千年。唐代之后,信佛者如流,最有名的要算苏轼。有人说,没有佛教,就没有东坡居士。他一生宦海沉浮、颠沛流离,却始终宠辱不惊、_______,泰然面对苦难。特别是晚年流贬惠州、儋州,在佛学上日渐精进,广交僧侣,精神境界得以________。苏
Threeofuswillgo,andtherest________stayingathome.
FIRSTIMPRESSIONSCOUNTATraditionallyuniformswere-andforsomeindustriesstillare-manufacturedtoprotecttheworker.
UnderstandingTypesofPoemsI.EpicpoemsA.Definition:—anarrativeconcentratingon【T1】______andeventsthataresignificant
youshouldgiveadescriptionofthewholeincidentindetail。此题主要考查短语indetail“详细的”的用法。
最新回复
(
0
)