2. 外语
  3. This lofty ambition for a university was never fully realized, and what we today call "disciplinarity" did not take full form un

This lofty ambition for a university was never fully realized, and what we today call "disciplinarity" did not take full form un

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问题 This lofty ambition for a university was never fully realized, and what we today call "disciplinarity" did not take full form until universities were incorporated into state bureaucracies in Germany, and enrollments and budgets grew. Over the course of the 19th century, German universities developed other academic practices that we now take for granted: the idea of research, the seminar, the faculty imperative to publish, the division of intellectual labor according to specialization, and a focus on the fine-grained details of scholarly argument. Within the university, specialization and disciplines have organized intellectual labor, traditions, and ambitions for over 200 years, not as abstract taxonomies but as cultural practices. To dismiss them as merely static, formal categories is to overlook the ways in which their continuity and stability have depended on transforming actual people who developed and embodied practices and habits of work, criteria for excellence, and systems and forms of communication, all of which were tied to a disciplinary self, the persona of specialized knowledge.
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答案大学的崇高理想从未曾完全实现过。直到大学被纳入德国的国家官僚机构，招生和预算均增长，我们今天所谓的“学科性”才得以完全成形。在19世纪长达一个世纪的过程中，德国大学发展了我们今天认为理所当然的其他学术实践，即研究思路、研讨会、全体教员势必发表出版、依据专业进行的脑力劳动分工，以及专注于学术讨论的详细细节。在200多年的时间里，专业化和学科不是作为抽象的分类，而是作为文化实践，在大学里组织着脑力劳动、传统和追求目标。将它们误认为仅仅是静态的形式范畴，就是忽视它们的连续性和稳定性依赖于实际的人的转变。它们形成和体现了工作的实践和习惯、卓越的标准及沟通的系统和形式。所有这些都与学科本身、专业知识的角色联系在一起。
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