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  3. No two economic crises are identical. But the same questions recur. How did we get into this mess? How can we get out of it? How

No two economic crises are identical. But the same questions recur. How did we get into this mess? How can we get out of it? How

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问题     No two economic crises are identical. But the same questions recur. How did we get into this mess? How can we get out of it? How do we avoid another? Some answers repeat themselves too. You can be pretty sure that sooner or later someone, quite possibly an anguished economist, will declare that economics itself has gone astray. The wisdom of some past master, whether celebrated or neglected, has been forgotten, and the economy is paying the price.
    A new book, "Animal Spirits" follows this rule to the letter. The authors seek to answer the first of those three old questions and thus to provide some pointers about the other two. They do indeed believe that economics has lost its way. And their chosen economist is Keynes.
    So far, so familiar. But this book is rather more than the usual lament about the failings of economics. Its authors are two of the discipline’s leading lights. Mr. Akerlof won a Nobel prize in 2001, in part for a classic paper explaining how markets may fail. Mr. Shiller sounded a warning about the "Irrational Exuberance" of the tech-boom stockmarket in a book of that name—and did the same for the housing market in a second edition.
    The lesson that Messrs Akerlof and Shiller draw from Keynes is not just the standard one, of the usefulness of deficit finance in recessions. They borrow their title from "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money".
    Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits—of a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of the weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities.
    Too much economics, say Mr. Akerlof and Mr. Shiller, has been built on the premise that humans are rational calculators. That is not a new criticism, even from economists. Over the past couple of decades Homo economicus has evolved into a being more like H. sapiens, as economics has drawn on psychology, biology and even neuroscience. "Behavioural" economics has shaped public policy—for instance, in encouraging people to save or in shaping the choice of investments in their pension pots. Behavioural economists have earned Nobel prizes. Mr. Akerlof and Mr. Shiller, however, complain that this evolution has been confined mainly to microeconomics. It is time for macroeconomics to catch up.
According to the passage, a standard economic experience is that______.
选项 A、deficit finance is of value in economic crisis
B、the stock market is in an irrational exuberance
C、markets may fail under some circumstances
D、humans are rational calculators
答案A
解析 属事实细节题。第四段讲到两个作者从Keynes那儿学到的不仅仅是一个众所周知的经验，逗号后面就讲到了这个众所周知的经验，即“赤字财政”在经济衰退时的有效性，故选项A符合题意。选项B和C都出现在第三段中，是两个作者之前所取得的成就，故错误。选项D则是第六段中提到的一个不合理的假设，故错误。
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