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  3. Even though researchers have suggested that less than 10% of families with adolescents experience serious relationship difficult

Even though researchers have suggested that less than 10% of families with adolescents experience serious relationship difficult

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问题     Even though researchers have suggested that less than 10% of families with adolescents experience serious relationship difficulties and that only 15 —30% of adolescents experience serious developmental difficulties, adolescence has long been characterized by developmental theorists as a troubled period charged by hormonal factors which contribute to fluctuations in adolescent behaviors.【F1】Since G. Stanley Hall’ s characterization of the adolescent period as one of "storm and stress," many theorists have portrayed adolescence as a troubled and unique period of the life cycle, and have continued to describe adolescents as incapable of rational thought and whose behaviors are in constant conflict with family and societal norms.
    In particular, the predominant theoretical views that have evolved since the early twentieth century have conceptualized "storm and stress" in terms of three specific characteristics:(a)parent-adolescent conflict,(b)emotional moodiness, and(c)risk-taking behaviors.【F2】The views of adolescents voiced by parents, teachers, and even health professionals, and presented in the media and in fictional literature, have perpetuated the stereotypic portrayal of adolescents as moody, emotional, and rebellious.
    Much of the early research on adolescence was based on those adolescents whose behaviors were likely to gain attention, thereby confirming the view of a non-diverse population of adolescents engaged in stormy and stressful behaviors.【F3】Current research, however, has reexamined adolescent moods and behaviors and does not tend to support a prevalent rebellious characterization of the typical adolescent, nor does it support storm and stress as universal and inevitable. Instead, low to moderate levels of con-flictual behavior, moodiness, and risk-taking have been found to be more normative outcomes of the transitions of adolescence.
    【F4】In particular, research on parent-adolescent conflict has shown that the progression to becoming an autonomous individual does not typically involve stress and anxiety, and any emotional detachment does not necessarily involve behaviors that reject parental values.【F5】Adolescents’ demonstrations of autonomy may compete with conventional parenting goals of household management, expectations, standards, and discipline, and contribute to increased parental efforts to delay the adolescent search for satis-faction in order to conform to family and social rules. Family conflict may increase in early adolescence and its frequency may be highest during this time, but these disagreements involve minor issues and are not long-lasting and pervasive. Most conflict is related to household responsibilities and privileges and involves small issues rather than basic values. Smetana and Gaines summarized the views of many researchers by noting that parent-adolescent conflicts are common, but they are usually over trivial issues and rarely reach levels that could be interpreted as severe.
【F1】
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答案自斯坦利·霍尔将青春期界定为一个以“风暴和压力”为特征的时期以来，许多理论家就把青春期描绘成人生中一个动荡而独特的阶段，并且把处于这段时期的青少年描述成不擅长理性思考，常与家庭和社会规范发生冲突的人。
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