首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
According to Richard, what was the concept of health before the 1940s?
According to Richard, what was the concept of health before the 1940s?
admin
2012-06-24
46
问题
According to Richard, what was the concept of health before the 1940s?
Interviewer (W) Richard Johnson (M)
W: I am talking to Richard Johnson, an official of WHO, the World Health Organization. Today he will talk with us about the change of people’s understanding of health. Hello, Richard.
M: Hello.
W: Now Richard, the concept of health has been changing all the time. And different people and groups hold different opinions towards it. Would you mind telling us the original concept of health?
M: Of course not. (5 - 1) Health has long been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. In this sense, (1) health has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. Therefore, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness.
W: Then what was the emphasis of the work of the WHO during that period?
M: Well, the emphasis was of course on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
W: I see. When did the concept begin to change?
M: (2) In the late 1940s, the WHO challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. (5 - 2) They stated that health was a complete state of physical. mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. (2) The mind, body and spirit of a person were seen holistically.
W: How long did this concept last?
M: It lasted until the 1970s. At that time, people focused their attention on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. (5 - 3) Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behavior and lifestyles.
W: It sounds reasonable. It must have been beneficial to people.
M: Unfortunately, not.
W: But why?
M: (3) You see, this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach did help the wealthy members of the society. But the majority were people experiencing poverty, unemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives. How could people afford the program if they lived under unfavorable social and environmental factors?
W: I’m beginning to see your point. A single lifestyle decides nothing if not integrated with a good environment.
M: That’s right. So during the 1980s and 1990s, there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, (4) health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live.
W: This is a new concept of health. And I heard it’s called the socio-ecological view, isn’t it?
M: Yes. In 1986, representatives from 38 countries gathered in Ottawa, Canada, to hold the first International Conference of Health Promotion. It was at that conference that (5-4) the broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed.
W: What were the details of the endorsement?
M: Well, the representatives declared that the fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Moreover, improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. From this statement, we can find that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. It must include addressing such issues as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions.
W: Oh, I see. But how are they affecting health?
M: They do not operate separately. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent. The complex interrelationships between them determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
W: That’s right.
M: As we all know, good health is a major source for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioral and biological factors can all favor health or be harmful to it. The Ottawa Conference not only redefines the notion of health. More importantly, it brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all.
W: Then what is the basic philosophy of this health promotion?
M: Very easy to understand. Just to enable people to increase control over and to improve their health.
W: The new concept of health you have told us today is very useful to our understanding of health. Thank you very much.
M: You are welcome.
选项
A、In the late 1940s.
B、In the 1970s.
C、In the 1980s.
D、In the 1990s.
答案
A
解析
根据句(2)可知,在20世纪40年代末,世界卫生组织从人的身体、心智、社交圈子等整体出发,重新定义健康,因此答案为[A]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/9fiO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.
Theworldisinaself-destructionmode.BythisstatementImeanthatthepeopleoftheworldarebentonmakingthisplanetin
Theworldisinaself-destructionmode.BythisstatementImeanthatthepeopleoftheworldarebentonmakingthisplanetin
Thethreatfromglobalwarming,hereports,"Isveryreal.Itisonlyamatteroftimebeforethetemperatureofthesurfaceof
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17thcenturytrialforhisrebell
Computers,andespeciallyconnectingtotheInternet,provideuniqueopportunitiestoenhancescienceandmatheducation.Tak
DreamResearchshowsthateveryonedreamsquitefrequentlyeverynight.Weusuallyrememberjustthelastdreamthatwehadb
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Your
TheRiseofRPHistoricalreasonsReceivedPronunciation(RP)wasoriginallyassociatedwitha【1】______spokenintheregion
Note-takinginLecturesForlisteners,note-takingisanessentialwaytoachievebetter-understandingofalecture.Itinvo
随机试题
规定在各城区设立修业两年的初级国民学校、在省城设立5年制的中心国民学校的俄国法案是
下列短篇小说中,属于莫泊桑的作品是()
(2003年第71题)以原因不明发热为主要起病症状的霍奇金病的特征是
急性病毒性肝炎患者最合理饮食为
行政效能的说法中不准确的是()。
()完工后,施工单位应自行组织有关人员进行检查评定,并向建设单位提交工程验收报告。
“活到老,学到老”所体现的现代教育特点是()
对比效应是指自己与别人相比较时,感觉到与比较目标的差距,从而产生消极的情感体验。与之相对的是投射效应,即在认知或对他人形成印象时,以为他人也具备与自己相似的特性,即推己及人的情形。根据上述定义,下列属于对比效应的是()。
初二年级各班的成绩单分别保存在独立的Excel工作簿文件中,李老师需要将这些成绩单合并到一个工作簿文件中进行管理,最优的操作方法是()
Televisioneatsoutoursubstance.Mandercallsthisthemediationofexperience."WithTVwhatwesee,hear,touch,smell,fee
最新回复
(
0
)