2. 考研
  3. A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

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问题 A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.
B ) Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C ) None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D ) Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions— like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
E ) In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "there is only one way... to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it." This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F ) These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win—in one way.
G ) There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell, "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
Order:
【B11】→【B12】→F→【B13】→【B14】→C→【B15】
【B11】
选项
答案E
解析 本填空处于文章首段的位置，而出题人已经给出了段落F和C的位置，在剩余的5个待选段落中利用代词指代法和上下文逻辑关系定位法能够迅速排除以下段落，选项A开头的“These tools”已经表明了该选项不能作为全文的开头段首，因为These是明显的指代，之前文章中一定提及过tools的概念，才能被“These tools”所指代，因此选项A予以排除。选项B的开头出现了表达上下文因果逻辑关系的标志词“Of course”，这已经说明了选项B不会是全文的开头段落。同时，本段的首句中又出现了“so successful”，这里的so也是指代，说明文章之前提及过successful的概念，这里才会出现“so successful”，因此选项B予以排除。选项D的开头出现了“Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights”，这是个带有条件的虚拟语气句，这个虚拟句阐述了“如果在某种条件之下，某人观点可能是正确的”，这里的条件和虚拟语气其实也是一种指代，说明前文中应该讨论过此人观点的正确与否，然后才会再以虚拟语气来设定一个条件来探讨此人的观点。此外，本段首句提及的人物camegie并没有使用全名，而按照行文的惯例，一篇文章中首次提及某个人物应该使用此人的全名，而不会第一次就使用简称，简称也是一种指代。这两点说明了选项D不会处于全文首段的位置，予以排除。选项G的开头的句子为“There is a better way to win arguments．”这是一个比较句，比较句一定要有比较的对象，说明前文中探讨过win arguments的其他方案，这里才会出现better way(更好的方法)，因此选项G也予以排除。选项E的开头出现了“In his 1936 work”，这里的his指代本句的主语Dale camegie，并非指代前文的某人，而且Dale Carnegie是人物的全名。本段的首句是一个典型的起始句，直接概括出一个观点，完全可以作为全文的首段，因此选项E是本题的正确答案。
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