首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Stress I. Different definitions of stress — circumstances that threaten well-being or the______to them【T1】______ — the process o
Stress I. Different definitions of stress — circumstances that threaten well-being or the______to them【T1】______ — the process o
admin
2016-10-21
44
问题
Stress
I. Different definitions of stress
— circumstances that threaten well-being or the______to them【T1】______
— the process of evaluating and coping with threatening circumstances
— the experience of being threatened by______【T2】______
II.______【T3】______
A. stressors
—______demanding events or circumstances【T4】______
— linked to increased______to illnesses and other problems【T5】______
— types:
a. catastrophic events, such as______【T6】______
b. ______, such as marriage and divorce【T7】______
c. minor hassles, such as standing in line
B. ______sources【T8】______
— frustration: being thwarted when trying to______【T9】______
— conflict
a. approach-approach conflict: ______stressful【T10】______
when choosing between two desirable alternatives
b. approach-avoidance conflict
when deciding on something with positive and negative aspects
c. avoidance-avoidance conflict
when choosing between______【T11】______
—______: being compelled by expectations【T12】______
III. Coping
A. coping strategies: relaxation, humor, releasing______, etc.【T13】______
B. factors in coping:
— social support: providing care and______【T14】______
— optimism: using______coping strategies【T15】______
— perceived control: having an internal locus of control
【T7】
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)you fill in is(are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.
You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.
(a thirty-second interval)
Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.
Stress
Good morning, everyone. We all experience stress, but we don’t all find the same situations stressful. Some people find flying in planes highly stressful, while others take up skydiving as a hobby. Some people thrive in fast-paced, deadline-heavy careers, while others prefer less stimulating work. Stress means different things for different people, and everyone has their own way of coping with it. Today, we’ll discuss stress and how to cope with stress.
Stress is difficult to define because researchers approach it in different ways. Some use the term stress to refer to circumstances that threaten well-being or to refer to the response people have to threatening circumstances. Others think of stress as the process of evaluating and coping with threatening circumstances. Yet others use the term to refer to the experience of being threatened by taxing circumstances. Here, we will use the term stress in the last sense: the experience of being threatened by taxing circumstances.
Researchers agree that stress is subjective. People don’t have the same response to the same circumstances. Instead, stress depends on how people appraise or evaluate environmental events. If people believe that a challenge will severely tax or exceed their resources, they experience stress. And that challenge can be called "a stressor".
Stressors are usually psychologically or physically demanding events or circumstances. Research links stressors to increased susceptibility to physical illnesses such as heart disease as well as to psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.
Stressors don’t always increase the risk of illness. They tend to affect health more when they are chronic, highly disruptive, or perceived as uncontrollable. Researchers who study stress usually distinguish among three types of stressors:
catastrophic events, such as large earthquakes, hurricanes, wars:
major life changes, positive or negative, such as marriage, divorce, death of a parent, beginning a new job, starting college:
minor hassles, such as standing in line, traffic jams, noisy environments.
Exposure to difficult circumstances doesn’t produce stress by itself. Rather, stress occurs when people experience frustration, conflict, or pressure:
Frustration is the experience of being thwarted when trying to achieve a goal. For example, a student worked very hard on a term paper with the hope of getting an A but ends up with a B.
Conflict occurs when people have two or more incompatible desires or motives. Conflict can occur in three forms:
1. The approach-approach conflict, the least stressful, occurs when people try to choose between two desirable alternatives. For example, a student tries to decide between two interesting classes.
2. The approach-avoidance conflict, typically more stressful and quite common, occurs when people must decide whether to do something that has both positive and negative aspects. When a boy invites a girl to a party, she finds him attractive, but going to the party means she won’t have time to study for one of her final exams. The girl is facing the approach-avoidance conflict.
3. The avoidance-avoidance conflict, also typically stressful, occurs when people have to choose between two undesirable options. For example, a man might have to choose whether to keep his nice-looking car, which breaks down frequently, or buy a badly dented, but reliable, used one, because of his financial situation. The final internal source is pressure. It occurs when people feel compelled to behave in a particular way because of expectations set by themselves or others. For example, a high school student wants to be accepted by the popular crowd at school, so she tries hard to distance herself from her old friends because the popular crowd considers them geeky or undesirable. Then she is under great pressure.
Now we’ve talked about stress and the sources of stress. Then how can we cope with it?
There are many different coping strategies. Some common ones include: relaxation, humor, releasing pent-up emotions by talking or writing about them, exercise, getting social support, reappraising an event or changing perspective on the problem, spirituality and faith, problem solving, comparing oneself to others who are worse off, etc.
These strategies can be very useful in alleviating stress, but they don’t work equally well for everyone. Some people cope more effectively than others. Some important factors can influence coping with stress.
1. Social support: Many studies show that having good social support correlates with better physical and mental health. Researchers believe that supportive social networks buffer the effects of stressful circumstances. In stressful situations, a social network can provide a person with care and comfort, access to helpful resources, and advice about how to evaluate and manage problems.
2. Optimism: A tendency to expect positive outcomes, optimism is associated with better physical health. Optimistic people are more likely to find social support, appraise events in less threatening ways, take good care of themselves when sick, and use active coping strategies that focus on problem solving.
3. Perceived control: The term "locus of control" refers to people’s perception of whether or not they have control over circumstances in their lives. People with an internal locus of control tend to believe they have control over their circumstances. People with an external locus of control tend to believe that fate, luck, or other people control circumstances. Having an internal locus of control is associated with better physical and emotional health.
OK. That’s it for today’s lecture. I hope you can all learn something from it. Thank you for your time.
选项
答案
major life changes
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Ay7O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Inlessthanthreedecades"multiculturalism"hasbecomeawordimmediatelyrecognizablebypolicy【M1】______makers,socialcri
ThedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageincludethefollowingEXCEPT______.
Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled
Theexplorationofinternationalbusinessisanexciting,important,andnecessarytask.Internationalbusinessisexcitingbec
GeorgeBernardShaw’s______isacommentaryonIbsen’sdramaticworksandalsoservedastheauthor’sownprogramofdramaticc
Lastyear,whensquattersbrokeintoAnnKeen’shouseonaquiet,suburbanstreetinBrentford,westLondon,theneighbours’rea
HowtoPracticeEsperanto?Thereareatleast1,000,000Esperantospeakersworldwidefromover100countriesandtheycomefrom
Ididn’tknowatthetimewhathappenednext.Sartorisdidn’ttellmeuntillater,afterward.Perhapsuptothattimehehadnot
(1)Whatabeautifulcity.Lightsblinkingserenely,highwaysandriversflowing,bridgesonguardlikegianteagles.Andplaygro
(1)Whatabeautifulcity.Lightsblinkingserenely,highwaysandriversflowing,bridgesonguardlikegianteagles.Andplaygro
随机试题
下列关于李白的说法错误的是【】
甲持刀追杀仇人乙,在经过一条公路时,乙被飞驰而来的卡车撞死,对于甲的行为,下列说法不正确的是()。
铁路工程变更设计中,()应对Ⅰ类变更设计文件进行初审。
保险合同的主体分为当事人和关系人。签订保险合同的双方是保险合同的当事人,即保险人和投保人;与保险合同发生间接关系的是保险合同的关系人,包括被保险人和受益人。()
一般来说,处于()的投资人的理财理念是避免财富的快速流失,承担低风险的同时获得有保障的收益。(2009年下半年)
X会计师事务所承接了U公司2005年度会计报表的审计业务。2006年3月5日,X会计师事务所按计划派遣本审计项目的外勤负责人李明注册会计师带领审计小组成员进驻U公司开始外勤审计工作。李明曾作为审计小组的助理人员及一般成员多次参与U公司以前年度会计报表的审计
某邮政局工作人员于某,一次偶然发现一封破损的信件中有100元人民币,于是他将人民币取出,而将信毁掉。此后,他为了窃取财物,毁掉他人信件、包裹等百余封(次),获取财物共约2万多元。对于某的行为应当认定为()。
"Themoregadgetsthereare,the【C1】______thingsseemtoget."saidHonoreErvin,co-authorofTheEtiquetteGirls:ThingsYou
Whatisthemainsubjectofthepassage?Knowledgeofthehistoryofsomebeadsmaybeusefulinthestudiesdonebywhichoft
Alcoholismcreatesmanyseverephysicalproblems.Morethanthreedrinksadayoverafewweekscausesdestructivechangesinth
最新回复
(
0
)