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  3. The winner takes all, it is widely supposed in computing circles. Indeed, geeks have coined a word, "Googlearchy", for the way i

The winner takes all, it is widely supposed in computing circles. Indeed, geeks have coined a word, "Googlearchy", for the way i

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问题     The winner takes all, it is widely supposed in computing circles. Indeed, geeks have coined a word, "Googlearchy", for the way in which search engines encourage web traffic towards the most popular sites. (46)The belief that search engines make popular websites ever more popular, at the expense of other pages, is now being challenged by research.
    (47)The apparently magical ability of search engines such as Google to return relevant websites even when given the sketchiest of clues by the person entering a query relies on the use of mathematical recipes or algorithms. Google works by analyzing the structure of the web itself. Each of its billions of pages can link to other pages and can also, in turn, be linked to by others. Furthermore, if the pages that link to this page are also important, then that page is even more likely to be important. (48)The algorithm has been made increasingly complex over the years, to deter those who would manipulate their pages to appear higher in the rankings, but it remains at the heart of Google’s success.
    Google is not alone in this. Many search engines take account of the number of links to a web site when they return the results of a search. (49)Because of this, there is a widespread belief among computer, social and political scientists that search engines create a vicious circle that amplifies the dominance of established and already popular websites. Pages returned by search engines are more likely to be discovered and consequently linked to by others.
    Not so, according to a controversial new paper that has recently appeared on arXiv, an online collection of physics and related papers. In it, Santo Fortunato and his colleagues at Indiana University in America and Bielefeld University in Germany claim that search engines actually have an egalitarian effect that increases traffic to less popular sites.
    The researchers developed a model that described two extreme cases. In the first, people browsed the web only by surfing random links. In the second, people only visited pages that were re turned by search engines. The researchers then turned to the real world. They plotted the traffic to a website—measured as the fraction of all page views made in a three-month period—against the number of incoming links made to that website. (50)To their surprise, they found that the relationship between the two did not lie between the extremes suggested by their model but somewhere completely different. It appears to show that the supposed bias in favour of popular pages is actually mitigated by the combination of search engines and people following random links.

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答案对于用户所输入的查询，即使只有最模糊的线索，诸如Google之类的搜索引擎也能够列出相关的网站，这种看似不可思议的功能依赖于数学公式或运算法则的运用。
解析 本句为简单句，主干结构是The ability to return relevant websites relies on the use。such as Google是修饰search engines的定语；不定式短语to return relevant websites是ability的定语。when give the sketchiest of clues是句子的时间状语；分词短语entering a query是person的后置定语。本句虽然是简单句，但句子较长，中间的修饰成分较多，因此需要将各部分关系整理清楚，翻译时注意语序调整、词义引申和具体化。sketchy原意为"粗略的，大体的"，因为此处是介绍搜索引擎的功能，需将词义引申为"模糊的"。when前面出现了even一词，翻译时将时间状语转化为让步关系的状语，这样可将even的意思翻译出来。enter意指"进入"，此处是指查询内容，应具体译成"输入"。
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