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  3. It is part of the human condition to have implicit biases—and remain happily ignorant of them. Academic researchers, scientists)

It is part of the human condition to have implicit biases—and remain happily ignorant of them. Academic researchers, scientists)

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问题     It is part of the human condition to have implicit biases—and remain happily ignorant of them. Academic researchers, scientists)and clinicians are no exception. But it is not the cognitive bias that’s the problem. Rather, the denial that there is a problem is where the issues arise.
    Decades of research have demonstrated that cognitive biases are commonplace and very difficult to e-liminate and more recent studies suggest that disclosure of financial conflicts of interest may actually worsen bias. This is because bias is most often manifested in subtle ways unbeknownst to the researcher or clinician, and thus is usually implicit and unintentional. Indeed, recent neuroscience investigations demonstrate that the interplay of cognitive-emotional processing allows conflicts of interest to affect decision-making in a way that is hidden from the person making the decision.
    Despite these findings, many individuals are dismissive of the idea that researchers’ financial ties to industry are problematic. Many argue that subjectivity in the research process and the potential for bias can be eliminated by strict adherence to the scientific method and transparency about industry relationships. Together, scientists believe, these practices can guarantee evidence-based research that leads to the discovery and spread of "objective" scientific truths. The assumption is that the reporting of biased results is a "bad apple" problem, but what we have today is a bad barrel.
    Some have begun to use the analytic framework of "institutional corruption" to bring attention to the fact that the trouble is not with a few corrupt individuals hurting an organization whose integrity is basically intact. Institutional corruption refers to the systemic and usually legal practices that bring an organization or institution off course, undermine its effectiveness, and weaken public trust. Although the entire field of biomedicine has come under scrutiny because of concerns about an improper dependence on industry and all medical specialties have struggled with financial conflicts of interest, psychiatry has been particularly troubled, being described by some as having a crisis of credibility.
    This credibility crisis has been played out most noticeably in the public controversy surrounding DSM-5, the revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Concerns have been raised that because the individuals responsible for making changes and adding new disorders have strong and long-standing financial associations to pharmaceutical companies that manufacture the drugs used to treat these disorders, the revision process may be compromised by improper industry influence. Therefore, the APA(American Psychiatric Association)required that DSM-5 panel members file financial disclosures.
    However, the new disclosure policy has not been accompanied by any reduction in the financial conflicts of interest of DSM panel members. As science has repeatedly shown, transparency alone cannot alleviate bias and is an insufficient solution for protecting the integrity of the revision process. Sinclair Lewis once said, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it. "
It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that cognitive bias______.
选项 A、is in fact not a serious problem
B、has little to do with financial conflicts
C、occurs without our realizing it
D、can sometimes bring us happiness
答案C
解析 第一段首句指出，内隐偏见是人类固有的，但我们却往往意识不到其存在。第二段指出：偏见大多以微妙的方式展现出来，研究者或临床医师对此毫不知情，偏见具有“隐性的、无意的”特性。故[C]选项正确。
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