首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br
admin
2019-01-11
97
问题
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 【R1】______.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.【R2】______.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 【R3】______.
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.【R4】______.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 【R5】______.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics , the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and a-natomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’ s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’ s entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage , categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrecdy suggested , on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【R1】
选项
答案
C
解析
本题是顺接关系题。该空格位于第一段末尾。空格前面提到了斯宾塞的生物文化进化论,并指出其观点是世间一切现象都随时间而变化并逐步趋向完美。空格后面的内容即第二段的起始句则介绍了摩根的理论。从段落主题的一致性及语篇的发展模式来看,要填人的内容,也应当与前面提到的斯宾塞或其理论相关。浏览各选项,只有C、E两项提到了进化论,体现在词汇“evolution”和“evolve”上。而E选项中出现了新信息“diverse aspects of culture”,与该段主题不一致,故将其排除。C选项则进一步补充说明了斯宾塞的理论。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/BdRd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语四级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语四级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthe
When18-year-oldJonAnglesethissightsona$5,000motorcyclelastmonth,hewasdeterminednottoletalittlethinglikela
ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,dividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledOld(orAnglo-Saxon)
ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,dividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledOld(orAnglo-Saxon)
Broadlyspeaking,theEnglishmanisaquiet,shy,reservedpersonwhoisfully【21】______onlyamongpeopleheknowswell.In
DuringJapan’sbubble-economyyearsoffiscal1983-1990,consumerspendinggrewatanannualized5.5percentinrealterms.But
WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasthethingincludedinyourlist?
ThepeoplemostlikelytogethookedinInternetare______.
UNSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnanvisitedthetroubledDarfurregionofwesternSudanThursdaytoconsiderwaystoendthehumanit
Fathersexposedtopoisonoussubstancesareprobablyjustaslikelytobethecauseofdefectsintheirunborninfantsasmother
随机试题
用单角铣刀兼铣齿槽齿背时,当计算出转角Φ的数值后,还须换算成(),以便操作使用。
初步鉴定肠道致病菌与非肠道菌常用的试验是
依据《中华人民共和国文物保护法》,工程设计方案应当根据()经相应文物行政部门同意后,报城乡建设规划部门批准。
将现金存入银行的业务,应根据()登记现金日记账的支出栏。
某公司进口圆钢一批,成交价格为CIF天津USD1000。已知外汇牌价为USD100=850人民币,关税税率为10%,增值税税率为17%。海关于1998年9月1日填发税款缴款书,该公司于1998年9月17日缴款,请指出计算错误的滞纳金金额是()
根据外汇管理法律制度的规定,下列表述中。不正确的是()。
劳动合同的种类不包括()。
最古老、适用范围最广的课程类型是______。
与其他许多灵长目动物一样,梳理毛发对狮尾狒来说不仅仅与清洁有关,这也是它们建立关系的方式。狮尾狒的生活中充斥着_______,这里有阴谋团体、有篡权政变、还有帮派结盟。它们通过为彼此剔除毛发中的寄生虫、揉捏皮肤来巩固交情。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是:
某学校初中二年级五班的物理老师要求学生两人一组制作一份物理课件。小曾与小张自愿组合,他们制作完成的第一章后三节内容见文档“第3—5节.pptx”,前两节内容存放在文本文件“第1—2节.pptx”中。小张需要按下列要求完成课件的整合制作:将演示文稿“第3
最新回复
(
0
)