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  3. When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for new

When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for new

admin2016-10-15  74
问题     When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for news updates, and the iPhone was not yet on the scene. By the time Hurricane Sandy slammed the eastern seaboard in 2012, social media had become an integral part of disaster response, filling the void in areas where cell phone service was lost while millions of Americans looked to resources including Twitter and Facebook to keep informed, locate loved ones, notify authorities and express support.
    Researchers have now started publishing data on the use of social media in disasters, and lawmakers and security experts have begun to assess how emergency management can best adapt. The new playbook will not do away with the emergency broadcast system and other government efforts. Rather, it will incorporate new data from researchers, federal agencies and nonprofits that have begun to reveal the exact penetration of social media in disasters.
    The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)wrote in its 2013 National Preparedness report that during and immediately following Hurricane Sandy, "users sent more than 20 million Sandy-related Twitter posts, or ’tweets,’ despite the loss of cell phone service during the peak of the storm. " Following the Boston Marathon bombings, one quarter of Americans reportedly looked to Facebook, Twitter and other social networking sites for information. When the Boston Police Department posted its final "CAPTURED!!!" tweet of the manhunt, more than 140,000 people retweeted it.
    Each disaster sparks its own complex web of fast-paced information exchange. That’s a good thing, says Mark Keim, associate director for science in the Office of Environmental Health Emergencies at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), it can both improve disaster response and allow affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered.
    Drawing up an effective social media strategy and tweaking it to fit an emergency, however, is a crucial part of preparedness planning, says disaster sociologist Jeannette Sutton, a senior research scientist at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs who studies social media in crises and disaster. For the Boston Marathon incident, she found no consistent hash tag on Twitter, which can make tracking relevant information difficult. Even searching for the word "Boston" may fall short, she says, because it could lead to unrelated matter like Boston tourism or fail to capture relevant tweets that did not include the word Boston. As part of disaster preparedness, she says, it would be useful to teach the public how to use social media effectively, how to get information from the Web and also how to put out useful information.
    All the fast-paced information available via social media does pose inherent risks when navigating emergency situations. One is the rapid spread of misinformation—as was the case after the Boston bombings with the identification of a missing man as a possible suspect. Although mistakes often get fixed via the "Wikipedia effect," in which other users correct the errors, Sutton notes that false information can easily go viral. Another key risk is scammers using social media to steal cash. The FBI has warned that social media can also be a lucrative platform for scam artists that crop up in the wake of tragedy. After the Newtown, Conn. , school shooting, for example, the FBI arrested a woman who allegedly claimed to be the relative of a dead victim and solicited money via Facebook and other sources.
The underlined word "tweaking"(Line 1, Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to______.
选项 A、condemning
B、fine-tuning
C、changing
D、spreading
答案B
解析 本题考查考生对生词意思的理解。tweaking出现在第五段的第一句，是“tweak”一词的动名词形式。“tweak”作为动词是“稍稍调整(机器、系统等)”的意思，在不清楚单词本意的情况下就需要完全根据上下文的语境来推测生词意义。该段是全文的转折段，即前面一直论述社交媒体在救灾中发挥的优势以后，本段开始讨论存在的问题。第一段一上来就指出紧急防灾计划中最重要的是构建一个有效的社会媒体策略，并tweak使之适应紧急情况，接下来举的例子就是由于没有有效地使用社交媒体资源导致紧急情况救援中出现的问题，可见社交媒体是客观存在的，但是单个发生的紧急救助情况是各不相同的，因此需要稍稍调整社交媒体策略使其适应不同的情况，因此可见“tweak”是微调的意思。[A]、[D]均是命题人故意设置的干扰选项，用来迷惑考生，均不正确。[C]只是强调改变，并没有表达出“tweak”一词的“局部的，稍作改动”的意思，因此也不正确。
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