首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities beg
Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities beg
admin
2015-01-05
27
问题
Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia
A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities began implementing controls at the borders of their empire to prevent the importation of plague, a highly infectious and dangerous disease. Information on disease outbreak occurring abroad was regularly reported to the tsar’s court through various means, including commercial channels(travelling merchants), military personnel deployed abroad, undercover agents, the network of Imperial Foreign Office embassies and representations abroad, and the customs offices. For instance, the heads of customs offices were instructed to question foreigners entering Russia about possible epidemics of dangerous diseases in their respective countries.
B If news of an outbreak came from abroad, relations with the affected country were suspended. For instance, foreign vessels were not allowed to dock in Russian ports if there was credible information about the existence of epidemics in countries from whence they had departed. In addition, all foreigners entering Russia from those countries had to undergo quarantine. In 1665, after receiving news about a plague epidemic in England, Tsar Alexei wrote a letter to King Charles II in which he announced the cessation of Russian trade relations with England and other foreign states. These protective measures appeared to have been effective, as the country did not record any cases of plague during that year and in the next three decades. It was not until 1692 that another plague outbreak was recorded in the Russian province of Astrakhan. This epidemic continued for five months and killed 10,383 people, or about 65 percent of the city’s population. By the end of the seventeenth century, preventative measures had been widely introduced in Russia, including the isolation of persons ill with plague, the imposition of quarantines, and the distribution of explanatory public health notices about plague outbreaks.
C During the eighteenth century, although none of the occurrences was of the same scale as in the past, plague appeared in Russia several times. For instance, from 1703 to 1705, a plague outbreak that had ravaged Istanbul spread to the Podolsk and Kiev provinces in Russia, and then to Poland and Hungary. After defeating the Swedes in the battle of Poltava in 1709, Tsar Peter I(Peter the Great)dispatched part of his army to Poland, where plague had been raging for two years. Despite preventive measures, the disease spread among the Russian troops. In 1710, the plague reached Riga(then part of Sweden, now the capital of Latvia), where it was active until 1711 and claimed 60,000 lives. During this period, the Russians besieged Riga and, after the Swedes had surrendered the city in 1710, the Russian army lost 9,800 soldiers to the plague. Russian military chronicles of the time note that more soldiers died of the disease after the capture of Riga than from enemy fire during the siege of that city.
D Tsar Peter I imposed strict measures to prevent the spread of plague during these conflicts. Soldiers suspected of being infected were isolated and taken to areas far from military camps. In addition, camps were designed to separate divisions, detachments, and smaller units of soldiers. When plague reached Narva(located in present-day Estonia)and threatened to spread to St. Petersburg, the newly built capital of Russia, Tsar Peter I ordered the army to cordon off the entire boundary along the Luga River, including temporarily halting all activity on the river. In order to prevent the movement of people and goods from Narva to St. Petersburg and Novgorod, roadblocks and checkpoints were set up on all roads. The tsar’s orders were rigorously enforced, and those who disobeyed were hung.
E However, although the Russian authorities applied such methods to contain the spread of the disease and limit the number of victims, all of the measures had a provisional character: they were intended to respond to a specific outbreak, and were not designed as a coherent set of measures to be implemented systematically at the first sign of plague. The advent of such a standard response system came a few years later.
F The first attempts to organise procedures and carry out proactive steps to control plague date to the aftermath of the 1727—1728 epidemic in Astrakhan. In response to this, the Russian imperial authorities issued several decrees aimed at controlling the future spread of plague. Among these decrees, the ’Instructions for Governors and Heads of Townships’ required that all governors immediately inform the Senate—a government body created by Tsar Peter I in 1711 to advise the monarch—if plague cases were detected in their respective provinces. Furthermore, the decree required that governors ensure the physical examination of all persons suspected of carrying the disease and their subsequent isolation. In addition, it was ordered that sites where plague victims were found had to be encircled by checkpoints and isolated for the duration of the outbreak. These checkpoints were to remain operational for at least six weeks. The houses of infected persons were to be burned along with all of the personal property they contained, including farm animals and cattle. The governors were instructed to inform the neighbouring provinces and cities about every plague case occurring on their territories. Finally, letters brought by couriers were heated above a fire before being copied.
G The implementation by the authorities of these combined measures demonstrates their intuitive understanding of the importance of the timely isolation of infected people to limit the spread of plague.
Reading Passage 2 has SEVEN sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for sections A-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii.
List of Headings
i Outbreaks of plague as a result of military campaigns.
ii Systematic intelligence-gathering about external cases of plague.
iii Early forms of treatment for plague victims.
iv The general limitations of early Russian anti-plague measures.
v Partly successful bans against foreign states affected by plague.
vi Hostile reactions from foreign states to Russian anti-plague measures.
vii Various measures to limit outbreaks of plague associated with war.
viii The formulation and publication of preventive strategies.
Section E______
选项
答案
iv
解析
Section E summarises the measures taken by the Russian authorities as being limited in their success by beingtoo piecemeal.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/BjNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Rosewasoneofthechildrenwhoobserveand______much,andnowandthen-theirfriendsbyawiseorconfoundingremark.
A、AdescriptionofareplicableexperimentB、AsummaryreportofnewfindingsC、Arecommendationforpursuinganewareaofrese
Mostpeoplechoosealawyeronthebasisofsuch______considerationsashiscost,hisfieldofexpertise,andthefeeshechar
Whilechemiststrytoassemblemoleculesusingacombinationoftheoreticalprinciplesandpracticalexperiencetomoldm
Traditionallyeconomicswasdubbedthe"dismalscience"inresponsetothenotionthatscarcityisitsfoundation,andit
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
Relativismamountstothedenialofanobjectiveworldaboutwhichtrueandfalsestatementscanbemade;thereisnoabs
Allmammalsrequiresleep;itisanessentialpartoflife.Forgiraffes,twohoursaLinedayisenough.Forbats,thatnumber
ThispassageisadaptedfromTheAmericanRepublic:Constitution,Tendencies,andDestinybyO.A.Brownson,1866.Thean
ThispassageisadaptedfromTheAmericanRepublic:Constitution,Tendencies,andDestinybyO.A.Brownson,1866.Thean
随机试题
传统4Ps营销理论涉及的要素不包括()。
限期治理的期限最长不超过()
患者,女,24岁。发热1月,心悸、咳嗽、咳痰。体检:主动脉瓣可闻及舒张期泼水样杂音,肝肋下2指,脾触及1指,血红蛋白80g/L,尿红细胞(+)。入院后最重要的检查是
男性,26岁。原有“A”型预激综合征,心悸发作2h来院急诊。血压16/9.5kPa(120/70mmHg),心电图示预激综合征伴心房颤动,心室率170次/min。在治疗上给哪种药物是错误的
医疗单位必须作为目标管理的重要内容,衡量和评价一个单位工作的好坏的重要标准是( )
关于买卖合同中标的物的瑕疵担保责任,下列表述错误的是哪一个?
一台三相电动机运行于中性点接地的低压电力系统中,操作员碰及外壳导致意外触电事故,事故的原因是()。
Weexpectmoreofthesameinthenexttenyearsaslargernumbersoftheworkingpopulationdiscoverthebenefitsoftelecommut
结合报考岗位和自身的专业,谈谈你认为专业知识、实践能力和敬业精神哪个更重要。
地球表面的绿色植物通过光合作用,将太阳的辐射能量转化成能被其他生物利用的有机化合能。下面的说法错误的是( )。
最新回复
(
0
)