首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Changing our Understanding of Health A The concept of health holds different meanings for
Changing our Understanding of Health A The concept of health holds different meanings for
admin
2010-04-12
53
问题
Changing our Understanding of Health
A
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society to day, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
B
For much of recent Western history. Health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that "health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
C
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
D
During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)
It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological of health suggest that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
E
At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioral and biological factors can all favor health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health (WHO, 1986).
During the period of ______ lifestyle risks were seen as the major contributors to poor health.
选项
答案
1970s
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Boj7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Wearemakingtoomanyvehicles.B、Wehavemoreandmoreindustry.C、Therearetoomanydevelopingcountries.D、Peopleusetoo
A、Theyshouldwaitpatiently.B、Theyshouldaskthatmantoleave.C、Thatmanisoldenoughtoorderthingshelikes.D、Theysho
Nowadays,people’slifestylesarechanging,whichhasresultedinthedemandforfastfoods.Infact,onebacteriumcangrowve
A、Whenhecan’tgethispointacross.B、Whenpeoplearenotreceptivetonewideas.C、whenhecomesintoconflictwithhiscolle
A、Atalibrary.B、Atalaboratory.C、Atacopyshop.D、Atacoffeeshop.D[听力原文]Wheredoesthemanwork?信息明示题。男士明确说明了工作日早上自己在一
A、Peoplewillbecomeseriouslyill.B、Peoplewillbecomedependentonthem.C、Theywillmakepeoplefeeltired.D、Theywillgive
A、IthadcausedembarrassmenttotheBritishgovernment.B、Ithadbroughtherclosertotheordinarypeople.C、Ithadgreatlypr
A、Shecannotgetonwellwithhermalecolleagues.B、Shecannotbearthebadbreathandhorriblesceneswhenpatientsopentheir
随机试题
公共管理主体广泛,其中居于核心地位的是【】
A.抗菌治疗B.抗病毒治疗C.对症治疗D.补液治疗E.抗休克治疗霍乱治疗主要是
下列何药不是厚朴温中汤的组成药物()
根据《中华人民共和国防洪法》,修建桥梁、码头和其他设施,必须按照国家规定的防洪标准所确定的()进行,不得缩窄行洪通道。
根据《保险法》规定,人身保险合同投保人解除合同,已缴足二年以上保险费的,保险人应当()。
经济学中用供给价格弹性来度量供给量相对变动对价格相对变动的反应程度,简称供给弹性。下列有关供给弹性的说法中,正确的有()。
19世纪末20世纪初在美国形成的一种学制是()
假设年利率为5%,某公司的现金流为1000,1000,500,1000,1000,500如此循环,则该公司的NPV为()。
设A=(α1,α2,α3,α4)为4阶方阵,且AX=0的通解为X=k(1,1,2,一3)T,则α2由α1,α3,α4表示的表达式为__________.
ThisistheweatherScobieloves.Lyinginbedhetoucheshistelescopelovingly,turningawistfuleyeontheblankwallofrot
最新回复
(
0
)