首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
When people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find someone to interpret or translate for t
When people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find someone to interpret or translate for t
admin
2021-08-17
36
问题
When people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find someone to interpret or translate for them. The term "translation", is the neutral term used for all tasks where the meaning or expressions in one language (the source language) is turned into the meaning of another (the target language), whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed. In specific professional contexts, however, a distinction is drawn between people who work with the spoken or sign language (interpreters), and those who work with the written language (translators). There are certain tasks that blur this distinction, as when source speeches turned into target writing. But usually the two roles are seen as quite distinct, and it is unusual to find one person who is equally happy with both occupations. Some writers on translation, indeed, consider the interpreting task to be more suitable for extrovert personalities, and the translating task for introverts.
Interpreting is today widely known from its use in international political life. When senior ministers from different language backgrounds meet, the television record invariably shows a pair of interpreters hovering in the background. At major conferences, such as the United Nations General Assembly, the presence of headphones is a clear indication that a major linguistic exercise is taking place. In everyday circumstances, too, interpreters are frequently needed, especially in cosmopolitan societies formed by new reiterations of immigrants and Gastarbeiter. Often, the business of law courts, hospitals, local health clinics, classrooms, or industrial tribunals cannot be carried on without the presence of an interpreter. Given the importance and frequency of this task, therefore, it is remarkable that so little study has been made of what actually happens when interpreting takes place, and of how successful an exercise it is.
There are two main kinds of oral translation consecutive and simultaneous. In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter’s strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech. As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer. In this case he has to remember a great number of messages; and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages, various systems of notation having been suggested for the purpose. The study of, and practice in, such notation is the integral part of the interpreter’s training as are special exercises to develop his memory.
Doubtless the recency of developments in the field partly explains this neglect. One procedure, consecutive interpreting, is very old—and presumably dates from the Tower of Babel! Here, the interpreter translates after the speaker has finished speaking. This approach is widely practiced in informal situations, as well as in committees and small conferences. In larger and more formal settings, however, it has been generally replaced by simultaneous interpreting—a recent development that arose from the availability of modem audiological equipment and the advent of increased international interaction following the Second World War.
Of the two procedures, it is the second that has attracted most interest, because of the complexity of the task and the remarkable skills required. In no other context of human communication is anyone routinely required to listen and speak at the same time, preserving an exact semantic correspondence between the two modes. Moreover, there is invariably a delay of few words between the stimulus and the response, because of the time it takes to assimilate what is being said in the source language and to translate it into an acceptable form in the target language. This "ear-voice span" is usually about 2 or 3 seconds, but it may be as much as 10 seconds or so, if the text is complex. The brain has to remember what has just been said, attend to what is currently being said, and anticipate the construction of what is about to be said. As you start a sentence you are taking a leap in the dark, you are mortgaging your grammatical future; the original sentence may suddenly be turned in such a way that your translation of its end cannot easily be reconciled with your translation of its start. Great nimbleness is called for.
How it is all done is not at all clear. That it is done at all is a source of some wonder, given the often lengthy periods of interpreting required, the confined environment of an interpreting booth, the presence of background noise, and the awareness that major decisions may depend upon the accuracy of the work. Other consideration such as cultural background also makes it aim to pay full attention to the backgrounds of the authors and the recipients, and to take into account differences between source and target language.
Research projects have now begun to look at these factors—to determine, for example, how far successful interpreting is affected by poor listening conditions, or the speed at which the source language is spoken. It seems that an input speed of between 100 and 120 words per minute is a comfortable rate for interpreting, with an upper limit of around 200 w. p. m. But even small increases in speed can dramatically affect the accuracy of output. In one controlled study, when speeds were gradually increased in a series of stages from 95 to 164 w. p. m., the ear-voice span also increased with each stage, and the amount correctly interpreted showed a clear decline. Also, as the translating load increases, not only are there more errors of commission (mistranslations, cases of vagueness replacing precision), there are also more errors of omission, as words and segments of meaning are filtered out. These are important findings, given the need for accuracy in international communication. What is needed is a more detailed identification of the problem areas, and of the strategies speakers, listeners, and interpreters use to solve them. There is urgent need to expand what has so far been one of the most neglected fields of communication research.
What is author’s purpose of citing Tower of Babel?
选项
答案
Consecutive interpreting is very old.
解析
事实细节题。根据Tower of Babel定位到第四段第二句。中间由破折号连接,起解释说明的作用。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Bqra777K
本试题收录于:
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)题库专业硕士分类
0
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)
专业硕士
相关试题推荐
美国南北战争期间,林肯总统在()发表了著名的演讲。他在纪念内战之惨烈、将士之牺牲的同时,表达了对“民有、民治、民享的政府”(“governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople”)的信念。
“Lemonmarket”是()的意思。
AsacandidatefortheMaster’sDegreeprogramintranslation,whatdoyouthinkaprofessionaltranslatorshouldbeequippedwi
Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere______quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.
Overpopulationposesaterriblethreattothehumanrace.Yetitisprobably______athreattothehumanracethanenvironmenta
Moststudentsarriveatcollegeusing"discrete,concreteandabsolutecategoriestounderstandpeople,knowledge,andvalues."
Thephilosophyofnuclear______resultedinanultimatelyemptythreattorespondbynuclearstrikeinsituationswhereonlyaco
Before1973,abortionwasillegalinAmericaunlessthewoman’shealthwasthreatened.InMarchof1970,JameRoe,asinglewo
Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.
CouranCoveIslandResortisalargeintegratedecotourism-basedresortlocatedsouthofBrisbaneontheGoldCoast,Queensland,
随机试题
下列有关婴幼儿肠道的特点,正确的是()
25岁,男性,发现肝、脾大10余年,巩膜黄染,有时右季肋部疼痛,近20天加重,不发热。肝大肋下2cm,脾大肋下6~7cm,血红蛋白110g/L,网织红细胞20%,小球形红细胞30%,白细胞8.5×109/L,血小板74×109/L,红细胞脆性增高,Coom
(2005年)有一对心直动滚子从动件偏心圆凸轮,偏心圆直径为100mm,偏心距为20mm,滚子半径为10mm,则基圆直径为()mm。
目前,主要的大型GIS应用项目在管理地理信息数据时,采用的都是()。
某品牌方便面全国统一售价1.99元/包,这种定价策略是()。
外部效度
简述皮亚杰的认知理论。
某发展中国家面临的问题是,要维持它的经济发展,必须不断加强国内企业的竞争力;要保持社会稳定,必须不断建立健全养老、医疗、失业等社会保障体系。而要建立健全社会保障体系,则需要企业每年为职工缴纳一定比例的社会保险费。如果企业每年为职工缴纳二定比例的社会保险费,
设有条件表达式:(EXP)i++:j--,则以下表达式中与(EXP)完全等价的是()。
Marysaysthisisthe______decisionshehasevermadeinhercareerlife.
最新回复
(
0
)