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  3. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social gr

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social gr

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问题    According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
   Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
   Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leader-ship, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
   Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group’ s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT______.
选项 A、recruitment
B、formal election process
C、specific leadership training
D、traditional cultural patterns
答案C
解析 细节题。第一段中提到了不同社会团体中领导人的特点。家庭中领导的确立会受到传统文化的影响；更大范围的团体中，领导地位的确立一般是通过正式选举或招募完成的。没有提及受训后成为领导的方式，故选C。
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