首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system
admin
2012-03-23
54
问题
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system than working class children. More of the former, for example, reach college. Professor Basil Bernstein of the University of London has argued that there is a link between social class and educational failure and that this link is language. In a series of papers published from 1958 to 1973 Bernstein has developed a theory of the "structure and process of cultural transmission," or socialization, part of which may be summarized as follows.
One characteristic of many (but not all) working class families is that the status of different members of the family is clearly defined; the authority of the father, tot instance, derives from the fact that he is the father. This type of family Bernstein calls positional, and he contrasts it with the person-centered family type, more common (although not omni present) in the middle classes. In the latter; status, authority and interpersonal relationships are "negotiated" according to the unique characteristics of each family member. This negotiation, or lack of it, is reflected linguistically. The following conversation might take place in a positional family:
Child: Can I have an ice cream?
Mother: No.
Child: Why not?
Mother: Because 1 said so.
In order to justify her refusal of the child’s request, the mother resorts to her authority as mother.
The equivalent exchange in a "person-centered" family might go like this:
Child: Can I have an ice cream?
Mother: No.
Child: Why not?
Mother: Because if you have an ice cream now, you won’t want your lunch later on.
This time an attempt is made to justify the decision in logical terms. In both cases a " reason" is given for denying the ice cream, but the "rational" nature of the explanation given by the second mother leads her to the explicit expression of a statement of condition — "if you have an ice cream now" — and result— "you won’t want your lunch later on. "
Now Bernstein is not saying that middle class parents are more rational or articulate or intelligent than working class parents. He notes, however, that if this sort of difference distinguishes a large proportion of the conversations these two children hear in their childhood, then it is reasonable to expect the middle class child to enter school, at age five or six, with the ability to understand and produce a more varied linguistic repertoire, a more" elaborated code" than his working class school friend. The latter may be just as intelligent, but he will probably possess a more "restricted" linguistic code.
Bernstein also recognizes that not all middle class parents’ interactions with their children will be like the (imaginary) example quoted, nor all working class parents’ conversations with their children like the second (imaginary) ex ample. He argues that the middle class child, however, is more likely to reach school age with mastery of both codes, restricted and elaborated. Many (but not all) working class children, on the other hand, will possess the "restricted code" only. This may be just as rich and powerful linguistically, just as complex, just as adequate as a means of expression, but it is not the language of the (often middle class) teacher, of books, of schools, or, more generally, of educational success.
There are several problems with Bernstein’s theory, even in its complete form. In common with other critics, Labov has noted the vagueness of the notion of "code" and, with another population, shown how differences in the speech elicited from working class and middle class subjects are sometimes the product of the elicitation procedures themselves. Rosen has attacked what he sees as the confused political definitions of several of Bernstein’s central concepts, including social class, and the lack of linguistic data with which to support his theoretical claims. Trudgill suggests that the linguistic differences found by Bernstein and his associates (such as more of less frequent use of prepositions, impersonal pronouns, varied adjectives and adverbs, and passives) do not reflect two linguistic codes but simply differences in style.
The difference between middle class and working class children in educational achievements results from their______.
选项
A、background
B、language use
C、status
D、intelligence
答案
B
解析
在第一段中提到 there is a link between social class and educational failure and that this link is language.明确指出 educational achievements或者说educational failure的关键在丁语言,所以选B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/CQiO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Englishlanguagebelongsto______.
WhichofthefollowingworksisNOTwrittenbyWilliamShakespeare?
In17th-centuryNewEngland,almosteveryonebelievedinwitches.Strugglingtosurviveinavastandsometimesunforgivingland
Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicate
WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?
Britain’seastmidlandswereoncethepictureofEnglishcountryside,alivewithflocks,shepherds,skylarksandbuttercupsthe
ThepoemAPsalmofLifewaswrittenby______.
A语言学概念的实例分析。该题属于句法学的范畴。单词在句中的位置不可随意调换,这是由句法学结构主义学派提出的.Syntagmaticrelation(组合关系)规定的。
ThecapitalofNewZealandis______.
Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovincetherichunlessweabdicateso
随机试题
Didyouexamineyourpapermoneyclosely?Seeifyoucanlocatea$5,$10,or$20billprintedbefore1964andmarked"Federal
女,8个月,因频繁呕吐、腹泻3天入院。大便稀水样,无腥臭味,10余次/日,量中等,查体:呼吸46次/分;脉搏140次/分,精神萎靡,皮肤弹性差,四肢温,前囟眼窝凹陷,心音低钝,腹胀,肠鸣音减弱,四肢无力,腱反射弱。化验:大便镜检WBC0~1/HP,血钠1
胶片感光乳剂层受光照射后发生的光化学反应是
口腔癌“无瘤”手术的要求不包括
实行会员分级结算制度的期货交易所,应当向结算会员收取结算担保金。()
迄今为止发展最快、渗透性最强、应用关键技术最广泛的行业是( )。
下列不是普契尼创作的歌剧的是()
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.Thetablebelowshowssocialandeconomicindicatorsforfourcountriesin1
Exercisehaslongbeentreatedasthecure-allforeverythingthatailsyou.Supporterssayyouwillloseweightandbringyour
Learningisanessentialprocessforlivingthingstoacquirenecessaryskillsandbehaviors.Scientistshavealreadyfoundthat
最新回复
(
0
)