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  3. Embracing failure is a cliche of the business world. But as Matthew Syed, a journalist at The Times, shows in a new book, Black

Embracing failure is a cliche of the business world. But as Matthew Syed, a journalist at The Times, shows in a new book, Black

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问题     Embracing failure is a cliche of the business world. But as Matthew Syed, a journalist at The Times, shows in a new book, Black Box Thinking, in practice a "stigmatizing attitude toward error’ pervades everyday life. This has big implications.
    Success brings its own rewards, but the world comes down hard on those who are deemed failures. The desire to avoid such opprobrium prompts people to cover up mistakes, argues Mr. Syed. Police foil to drop cases against people accused of committing a crime, even after clear evidence emerges of their innocence. Politicians plough on with policies even when it is obvious they are not working. All are psychological strategies to avoid admitting fault.
    Fear of failure can have devastating consequences, as Mr. Syed shows in a story about United Airlines. In 1978, as a plane approached its destination, the pilot worried that the landing gear had not come down. Desperate, he tried to establish what was wrong, becoming blinded to the plane’s dwindling fuel reserves. Eventually the tank was empty, and the plane crashed. The worry of making a mistake—subjecting the passengers to a bumpy landing—blinded him to bigger problems.
    The story is a metaphor. Investors hold on to losing stocks longer than they should. Unable to face the shame of a bad return, they end up with a much bigger loss. Fred Goodwin of RBS, a bank, fretted about the color of the carpets at head office while his firm collapsed under the weight of the financial crisis. The medical profession is especially intolerant of mishaps, says Mr. Syed. This means that mistakes are not scrutinized and people do not learn from them. Small wonder that blunders are pervasive. According to one study of acute care in hospitals, one in 10 patients "is killed or injured as a consequence of medical error or institutional shortcomings".
    What to do? One solution is making it easy for people to own up or speak up, as the airline industry has learned to do better than any other. Mr. Syed’s more novel suggestion, though, is the rigorous testing of business strategies. This forces people to make improvements. The gold standard is the "randomized control trial" (RCT), in which a treatment group is compared with a control group. Capital One, a credit-card company, has used RCTs obsessively—over the fonts it uses, for example, and the scripts at its call-centers—to assess which initiatives fail and which do not. James Dyson, a technology entrepreneur, and Google are other cheerleaders for this hyperrational school of management.
    This approach may also hold benefits for governments. David Halpern is the boss of the British governments Behavioral Insights Team (BIT), known as the "nudge unit", which uses RCTs to improve policy.
    Identifying points of failure and making small changes, he argues, reaps disproportionate gains. By including a message on a car-tax form appealing to people’s sense of humanity, the BIT sharply boosted organ donations.
    Much still needs to be done. Between 2010 and 2012 the BIT saved the British government only S300 million ($457 million), a negligible proportion of GDP. Few businesses incorporate RCTs as extensively as Capital One. Much more could be done. Hospitals could subject doctors to RCTs, identify the mistake-prone and then help them. Civil servants could randomly test the economic impact of policies, such as changes to income tax, before rolling them out It sounds extreme, but confronting failure rationally would bring huge rewards.
The purpose of the passage is to________.
选项 A、analyze the reasons for fear of failure
B、exemplify the drawbacks of fear of failure
C、encourage people to learn from failure
D、discuss the pervasiveness of making mistakes
答案C
解析 本文在第1段提出人们倾向于把错误污名化，进而举例子说明在现实中人们会经常掩盖错误，提出了这种态度会带来严重后果，如飞机坠毁的例子。第5—8段作者提出客观对待错误，会让我们受益匪浅，故正确答案为C项“鼓励人们从失败中学习教训”。
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