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  3. Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expres

Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expres

admin2010-06-30  47
问题      Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger hostility and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism or an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But on the other hand human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.
     The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
     The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states, it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment allegiance and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.
The word "allegiance" (Line 5-6, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to______.
选项 A、loyalty.
B、objective.
C、survival.
D、motive.
答案A
解析 词汇语义题。根据这个词出现的上下文来解题。这个词出现在第三段中，在这一段作者论述了法制社会的另一面，即一方面保障个体免受暴力的侵犯，另一方面要求个体为国家的利益而牺牲。国家要求人民表现出他们的责任感(commitment)、allegiance和献身精神(supreme sacrifice)。allegiance与commitment和supreme sacrifice并列，意义应该是相近的。故allegiance相当于loyalty(效忠、忠诚)，选项A是正确答案。
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