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  3. It’s disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture tha

It’s disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture tha

admin2015-10-21  35
问题     It’s disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture that loves its gambling, and the passion is only growing, as financial hardships sweeten the ever alluring prospect of a lucky break. The danger, of course, is that gambling can lead to compulsive gambling—and compulsive gambling can be a life wrecker. Now, a new study in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine suggests that it may be possible to spot the people most at risk when they’re as young as 5 years old.
    Problem gambling, like all addictions, is at least partly rooted in poor impulse control, and if there’s any place people make their want-it-now neediness known, it’s in kindergarten. Psychologist Linda Pagani of the Sainte-Justice University Hospital Research Center and the University of Montreal conducted a longitudinal study that began in 1999, when she assembled a sample group of 163 kindergartners with a median age of 5.5 years. The kids’ teachers filled out a questionnaire in which they rated each child’s degree of inattentiveness, distractibility and hyperactivity on a scale of 1 to 9. Pagani tallied the scores and than tucked the findings away.
    Six years later, she conducted follow-up interviews with the same children and asked whether any of them had begun gambling. The results were surprising. Although the kids were still a long way from being old enough for Vegas or the track, many admitted that they were already playing bingo, cards, video poker or other video games for money; buying lottery tickets; or placing bets on professional sports.
    "The majority of kids were not engaging in any of these activities," says Pagani, "but the fact that any of them were was unexpected."
    What struck Pagani most was how predictable the identities of the gamblers were. When she referred back to the ratings from kindergarten, she found that every one-unit increase on the impulsivity scale correlated with a 25% jump in the likelihood a child would be gambling by sixth grade. "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual already refers to gambling specifically as an impulse-control disorder," she says, citing the official text that outlines diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. "And then there were our findings showing that. "
    Knowing early on which children are headed for trouble can pay off in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help families wise up. Some of the parents of the kids in the study saw a little gambling as a minor thing, and a number of them even bought lottery tickets for their kids as a reward for good behavior. That, clearly, sends the wrong message. "Scratch-and-win games are for adults," Pagani says flatly.
    What’s more, not only can kids’ behavior benefit when impulse issues are spotted early on, so can their brains. Preschool is a time when the prefrontal lobes, which are the center of executive functions—and what Pagani and others call "effortful control"—are just developing. The better the brain can be trained at this stage, the better it performs later in life. Pagani cites a 2007 study published in the journal Science that showed that simple attention-boosting training taught in kindergarten improved focus and concentration in later years. "You can introduce a cost-effective program and reap enormous benefits," she says.
    Pagani plans to check in with the kids in her survey again in another six years, when they’re finishing high school and preparing to enter the larger world-with its larger temptations. Even if they were born too late to benefit from her findings, she thinks other kids can.
    "We need to think of impulse-control training as a long-term investment plan," she says, "one that can lead to less addiction, less gambling, a lower dropout rate and lower unemployment. " That’s a far bigger payoff than you’ll ever get playing blackjack or craps.
Which may NOT be one of the benefits of impulse-control training?
选项 A、Encouraging more children to stay away from drugs and gambling.
B、Facilitating the development of prefrontal lobes.
C、Improving kids’ performance in tests.
D、Reducing the number of dropout students.
答案C
解析 细节题。第七段首句提到如果能较早发现冲动问题，不但孩子的行为能从中获益，而且他们的大脑亦可以获益。接下来指出学前时期是大脑前额叶的发育时期，如果这个阶段训练得当，在以后的生活当中其功能将会更好。所以得出结论：冲动控制训练能促进大脑前额叶的发育，即[B]；最后一段提到Pagani说我们应当把冲动控制训练当成一项长期的投资策略，它能减少吸毒成瘾和赌博，降低辍学率和失业率。即[A]“鼓励更多的儿童远离毒品和赌博”和[D]“降低辍学学生的数量”。最后一段虽然提到了降低失业率，但是文章并没有直接提出这样可能提高学生的考试成绩，所以[C]不是冲动控制训练可能带来的益处。
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