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  3. Bhagwati says "Unions in poor countries face a lose-lose situation. " Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations’costs

Bhagwati says "Unions in poor countries face a lose-lose situation. " Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations’costs

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问题 Bhagwati says "Unions in poor countries face a lose-lose situation. " Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations’costs of production, crippling those nations’competitiveness. If the standards are not implemented, those nations’exports are punished with sanctions. So for the unions in rich countries, the moralization of trade is win-win.
Time was, protectionists were mostly on the right, protecting corporations in the name of nationalism. Now most are on the left, where the vocabulary of victimization prevails. The left’s agenda—expanding government at the expense of markets in the allocation of wealth and opportunity—makes economic autarky a temptation. The same mind-set also opposes challenges to government monopolies such as public education and Social Security.
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答案 巴格瓦蒂说“贫穷国家的联盟面临着两败俱伤的困境”。更高的标准很容易使贫穷国家的生产成本增加，从而减弱这些国家的竞争力。如果没有推行这些标准，这些国家的出口产品又会遭受制裁。对于富裕国家的联盟而言，贸易的道德化能够双赢。 过去，贸易保护主义者的观点大多倾向右翼，乐衷于以国家主义的名义保护企业利益。现在，大多又转向左翼，关于欺诈的言论甚嚣尘上。左翼派的目标——在分配财富与机会的过程中，以损害市场的代价，加强政府的调控作用——让经济自给自足成为一种诱惑。这种观念给政府垄断部门，如公共教育和社会保险，也带来了挑战。
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